A study of the prognostic usefulness of blood leukocyte changes in canine parvoviral enteritis

Canine parvoviral enteritis is an economically important disease in South Africa and globally. Although treatment of dogs with parvoviral enteritis is often successful, many dogs die of complications related to septicaemia or are euthanized because of anticipated high costs. More effective prediction of the outcome of this disease will have an economic impact if a prognosis can be determined early in the course of the disease. Although leukocyte responses seldom are pathognomonic for a specific disease, they can provide clinical information to establish a fairly reliable prognosis. A prospective study was performed on 62 puppies presented to the OVAH with typical clinical signs of canine parvoviral enteritis that subsequently was confirmed on electron microscopy. Full haematology was performed at admission as well as every consecutive day until death or discharge. Of the 11 puppies that died (18%), nine died due to complications of the disease and two were euthanized due to financial restrictions and a poor prognosis. The puppies that died due to the disease died within the first three days of hospitalization. All the puppies that died were sent for a full post mortem examination and histopathological evaluation. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was a definite difference between the puppies that died and those that survived in several of the leukocyte parameters. These parameters included the total leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts. In none of the puppies that died from the disease did the total leukocyte count rise above 2.0 × 10 9 /l (normal reference range: 6.0-15.0 × 10 9 /l). In the puppies that survived, the total leukocyte count started rising within 24 – 48 hours after admission and often resulted in a rebound leukocytosis. The puppies that died did not develop lymphocytosis to indicate an immune response, whereas the surviving puppies developed lymphocytosis within 24 – 48 hours after admission. The puppies that died also did not develop monocytosis and remained severely eosinopaenic during the course University of Pretoria etd – Goddard, A (2006) xii of the disease. Evidence of impaired leukocyte production was found on histopathology. Most of the puppies that died from the disease showed marked to severe thymic and lymphoid atrophy and marked to severe bone marrow hypocellularity. These results show that a reliable prognosis can be obtained at 24 and 48 hours after admission by evaluation of the leukocytes, specifically the total leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts.Dissertation (Master in Veterinary Medicine(Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics))--University of Pretoria, 2006.Companion Animal Clinical Studiesunrestricte

Prevalence of canine Babesia and Ehrlichia co-infection and the predictive value of haematology

Canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis are important tick-borne infections in South Africa. Many South African general veterinary practitioners perceive co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. as a common occurrence in dogs with babesiosis. Studies about the prevalence of co-infection in South African dogs are lacking. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia co-infection in dogs with babesiosis. Additionally, the predicative value of specific haematological variables for co-infection was evaluated. The study population consisted of 205 dogs diagnosed with canine babesiosis presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH) in 2006 and between 2011 and 2013. The Babesia-infected dogs were grouped based on presence or absence of an Ehrlichia spp. co-infection. Ehrlichia spp. co-infection was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction. Positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) of leukopenia or thrombocytopenia for co-infection were also calculated. The prevalence of Babesiaspp. and Ehrlichia spp. co-infection in this cohort of dogs was 2%. In the babesiosis dogs, the PPV of leukopenia for co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was 1.3%, and the NPV 97.4%. Similarly, the PPV and NPVs of thrombocytopenia for co-infection were 2.1% and 100%, respectively. Co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was a rare occurrence in dogs with babesiosis presented to the OVAH. Normal leukocyte or platelet counts confidently ruled out the presence of concurrent ehrlichiosis in this cohort of dogs. However, the diagnosis of Ehrlichia co-infection based on the presence of thrombocytopenia or leukopenia would have been associated with false positive results in more than 97.4% of cases

The utility of uric acid assay in dogs as an indicator of functional hepatic mass

Uric acid was used as a test for liver disease before the advent of enzymology. Three old studies criticised uric acid as a test of liver function. Uric acid, as an end-product of purine metabolism in the liver, deserved re-evaluation as a liver function test. Serumtotal bile acids are widely accepted as the most reliable liver function test. This study compared the ability of serumuric acid concentration to assess liver function with that of serumpre-prandial bile acids in dogs. In addition, due to the renal excretion of uric acid the 2 assays were also compared in a renal disease group. Using a control group of healthy dogs, a group of dogs with congenital vascular liver disease, a group of dogs with non-vascular parenchymal liver diseases and a renal disease group, the ability of uric acid and pre-prandial bile acids was compared to detect reduced functional hepatic mass overall and in the vascular or parenchymal liver disease groups separately. Sensitivities, specificities and predictive value parameters were calculated for each test. The medians of uric acid concentration did not differ significantly between any of the groups, whereas pre-prandial bile acids medians were significantly higher in the liver disease groups compared with the normal and renal disease group of dogs. The sensitivity of uric acid in detecting liver disease overall was 65% while the specificity of uric acid in detecting liver disease overall was 59 %. The sensitivity and specificity of uric acid in detecting congenital vascular liver disease was 68%and 59 %, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of uric acid in detecting parenchymal liver disease was 63%and 60 %, respectively. The overall positive and negative predictive values for uric acid in detecting liver disease were poor and the data in this study indicated uric acid to be an unreliable test of liver function. In dogs suffering from renal compromise serum uric acid concentrations may increase into the abnormal range due to its renal route of excretion.http://www.journals.co.za/ej/ejour_savet.htm

Idiopathic myelofibrosis accompanied by peritoneal extramedullary hematopoiesis presenting as refractory ascites in a dog

A 2.5-year-old spayed female American Pit Bull Terrier dog presented with a primary complaint of chronic refractory ascites. The dog's CBC displayed a moderate to severe macrocytic, hypochromic, nonregenerative anemia, and a moderate leukopenia as result of a moderate neutropenia and monocytopenia. Microscopic examination of the blood smear showed marked anisocytosis, mild polychromasia, mild acanthocytosis and ovalocytosis, moderate schistocytosis and poikilocytosis, and 4 metarubricytes/100 WBC. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a homogenous, mild to moderately hyperechoic appearing liver as well as marked amounts of speckled anechoic to slightly hypoechoic peritoneal fluid. Cytology of the ascitic fluid demonstrated a sterile transudate, with evidence of a chronic inflammatory reaction as well as erythroid and myeloid precursor cells, and a few megakaryocytes with occasional micromegakaryocytes. Histologic sections of bone marrow, spleen, and liver were examined, using routine H&E stains, as well as a variety of immunohistochemistry and other special stains. Histopathology of the bone marrow and spleen revealed varying degrees of fibrosis, erythroid, and myeloid hyperplasia, as well as multiple small hyperplastic clusters of megakaryocytes. The megakaryocytes displayed many features of atypia such as increased cytoplasmic basophilia and occasional abnormal chromatin clumping with mitoses. Histopathologic examination of the liver disclosed evidence of mild extramedullary hematopoiesis. This case represents the first report of canine idiopathic myelofibrosis associated with peritoneal extramedullary hematopoiesis, resulting in refractory ascites. Although idiopathic myelofibrosis is a relatively rare condition in dogs, this case demonstrates that ascites caused by peritoneal implants of hematopoietic tissue may be the initial manifestation of myelofibrosis.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1939-165X2018-03-30hj2017Companion Animal Clinical StudiesParaclinical Science

Effects of storage time and temperature on thromboelastographic analysis in dogs and horses

Please read abstract in the article.Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria.http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/vcphj2022Companion Animal Clinical Studie

Cyclic neutropenia in a basset hound

A 6 month old, male basset hound was referred for intermittent malaise, and pyrexia that repeated every 10-11 days. Sequential blood counts and bone marrow aspirates demonstrated severe neutropaenia and increased myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow from day two of each cycle. By day five the bone marrow had predominantly mature neutrophils and band cells, and by day 10 the myeloid precursors had decreased with a myeloid:erythroid of 0.4:1. During the same period the blood neutrophils had rebounded to normal counts by day five, and were declining by day 9 and 10. The monocytes and platelets were oscillating in an opposite phase to the neutrophils. The age of onset, regular cycle length, oscillation of neutrophil, platelet and monocyte counts and characteristic bone marrow cytology were diagnostic for cyclic neutropaenia. This syndrome has never before been described in any breed other than the grey collie. The grey collie gene mutation was not found in this dog. However, based on the clinical signs, and haematological and bone marrow results, it can be deduced that cyclic neutropaenia may develop as a result of other mutations in neutrophil elastase expression.http://vetrecordcasereports.bmj.comhb201

Biomarkers in canine parvovirus enteritis

Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis has, since its emergence in 1978, remained a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality in young dogs. The continued incidence of parvoviral enteritis is partly due to the virus’ capability to evolve into more virulent and resistant variants with significant local gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory sequelae. This paper reviews current knowledge on historical-, signalment-, and clinical factors as well as several haematological-, biochemical- and endocrine parameters that can be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in CPV enteritis. These factors include season of presentation, purebred nature, bodyweight, vomiting, leukopaenia, lymphopaenia, thrombocytopaenia, hypercoagulability, hypercortisolaemia, hypothyroxinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, elevated C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor, hypocholesterolaemia and hypocitrullinaemia. Factors contributing to the manifestations of CPV infection are multiple with elements of host, pathogen, secondary infections, underlying stressors and environment affecting severity and outcome. The availability of several prognosticators has made identification of patients at high risk of death and their subsequent targeted management more rewarding.http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzv20hj2014mn201

Circulating markers of endothelial activation in canine parvoviral enteritis

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, B.K. Atkinson, upon reasonable request.BACKGROUND : Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a common cause of enteritis, immune suppression and systemic inflammation in young dogs. Endothelial markers, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and molecules that upregulate their expression, such as high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1), provide insight into the state of the endothelium during inflammation. OBJECTIVES : This study aimed to determine if circulating concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HMGB-1 were altered in CPV enteritis compared to healthy controls, and whether a correlation existed between these molecules and the degree of inflammation METHODS : Thirty dogs with naturally occurring CPV enteritis and ten control dogs were included. Physical examinations, complete blood count and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements were performed on all dogs at presentation. The concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HMGB-1 were measured using commercially available canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS : In dogs with CPV enteritis, ICAM-1 concentrations were significantly lower (median: 5.9 [IQR: 4.3-8.3]) and CRP higher (134 [IQR: 85-195]) compared to controls (8.0 [IQR: 6.9-10.3], p = 0.008; 1 [IQR: 0-7], p < 0.001). No significant difference was found for VCAM-1 and HMGB-1. A strong correlation was identified between VCAM-1 and segmented neutrophil count (r = 0.612, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION : Despite the presence of systemic inflammation in CPV enteritis, evidenced by high CRP concentrations, our results suggest circulating concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HMGB-1 failed to show an increase. Endothelial activation with subsequent leukocyte adhesion and transmigration through the endothelium may be affected in CPV enteritis and these findings require further investigation.http://www.jsava.co.zaam2023Companion Animal Clinical Studie

Mean platelet volume and platelet volume distribution width in canine parvoviral enteritis

Bacterial translocation from the damaged intestinal tract, reported in canine parvoviral (CPV) enteritis, is thought to be responsible for the systemic inflammatory response resulting from coliform septicemia, which could ultimately progress to septic shock and death. Alterations in platelet indices, specifically mean platelet volume (MPV), is a consistent finding in critically ill people and dogs with and without sepsis. Increased MPV has been reported to be an indirect indicator of platelet activation and of bone marrow response in people and dogs with sepsis. The study aim was to compare admission MPV and platelet volume distribution width (PVDW) in dogs with CPV enteritis to that of healthy aged-matched control dogs. Forty-eight dogs with CPV enteritis and 18 healthy age matched control dogs were included. CPV infection was confirmed with electron microscopy and concurrent blood-borne infections were excluded using PCR. EDTA whole blood samples were analyzed on an automated cell counter, ADVIA 2120, within 30-60min from collection. There was no significant difference for platelet count between the groups. The MPV for CPV infected dogs (median: 14.0; IQR: 12.2–15.1) was significantly higher compared to controls (11.3; IQR: 10.3–13.1, P = 0.002). The PVDW for CPV infected dogs (66.9; IQR: 64.2–68.8) was significantly higher compared to controls (63.3; IQR: 60.2–65.1, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that significant platelet activation is present in dogs with CPV enteritis which may play a role in the disease outcome, similar to people with sepsis. Further studies are required to investigate the prognosticating ability of MPV in dogs with CPV enteritis.Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authorityhttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science#am2022Companion Animal Clinical Studie

Analytic and quality control validation and assessment of field performance of a point-of-care chemistry analyzer for use in the white rhinoceros

BACKGROUND : A chemistry point-of-care analyzer would be useful for evaluating injured wildlife, particularly white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) that survive poaching attempts. The IDEXX VetTest® could be suitable, but species-specific validation, development of a statistical quality control (QC) strategy and evaluation under field conditions is necessary. OBJECTIVES : The objectives were to 1) validate the VetTest for the white rhinoceros, 2) perform QC validation on the VetTest and generate a statistical QC strategy and 3) apply this QC strategy to monitor performance under typical field conditions. METHODS : Differences between white rhinoceros heparin plasma and serum, short-term imprecision and reportable range using rhinoceros plasma and long-term imprecision using commercial quality control material (QCM) was assessed against prescribed total allowable error (TEa) for up to 15 analytes. QC validation was performed using data from the long-term imprecision study and TEa. A QC strategy using QCM was developed and used to monitor performance under field conditions. RESULTS : Imprecision was acceptable for all analytes except for ALP, ALT and AST at low activities. The reportable range for AST and LDH differed from the manufacturer’s specifications. Eleven analytes were suitable for statistical QC using the 13s rule, three using the 2s rule; ALP was not suitable. In the field, observed error was less than TEa for all fifteen analytes and the sigma metric was >3.0 for twelve analytes. CONCLUSIONS : The VetTest is suitable for use in the white rhinoceros. Statistical QC is possible for most analytes and useful for evaluation of field performance.The South African Veterinary Foundation, the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies of the University of Pretoria and Saving the Survivors.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1939-165X2018-03-31hb2017Companion Animal Clinical Studie