Early Steps of a Thymic Tumor in SV40 Transgenic Mice: Hyperplasia of Medullary Epithelial Cells and Increased Mature Thymocyte Numbers Disturb Thymic Export

Bone marrow progenitors migrate to the thymus, where they proliferate and differentiate into immunologically competent T cells. In this report we show that mice transgenic for SV40 T and t antigens under the control of the L-pyruvate kinase promoter develop, in a first step, thymic hyperplasia of both thymocytes and epithelial cells. Morphological studies (histology, immunohistolabeling and electron microscopy) revealed modifications of the thymic microenvironment and gradual expansion of medullary epithelial cells in 1 month-old mice, taking over the cortical region. Then, a thymic carcinoma develops. Two-color labeling of frozen sections identified the transgene in medullary epithelial cells. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated a marked increase in mature CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes in adult mice (39±10×106 in transgenic mice and 12±5×106 in age-matched controls). Furthermore, thymocyte export was disturbed

Les transports urbains non motorisés en Afrique sub-saharienne : le cas du Mali

L'objectif de ce travail est l'identification des obstacles à l'usage de la bicyclette, ainsi que l'appréciation des possibilités de développement de l'usage de ce mode par des mesures pour éliminer ces obstacles. Le postulat de cette démarche est que la bicyclette est potentiellement un mode favorisant la mobilité dans un contexte économique difficile où l'ensemble des besoins de déplacements ne peuvent être assurés par les transports collectifs ou encore par des moyens individuels motorisés, en raison des coûts économiques de ces modes.Ceci a conduit les auteurs à appréhender l'ensemble de la mobilité pour analyser quelles pratiques de déplacements et d'usage des modes se sont développées et quelle peut être l'évolution de ces pratiques.Bicyclette ; modes de transports ; politique des transports ; étude des déplacements ; mobilité quotidienne ; Bamako ; Mali

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Mapping genomic loci prioritises genes and implicates synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60–80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Le référentiel "quartiers durables"

Référentiel "quartiers durables

L'ACIDE HYALURONIQUE TESTICULAIRE (MISE EN EVIDENCE, REGULATION ET ROLES BIOLOGIQUES POTENTIELS)

CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Référentiel Quartiers Durables

Basé sur 25 critères couvrant 5 thématiques, le Référentiel Quartiers Durables est destiné à permettre une évaluation des projets de quartier dès les phases de planification et d’élaboration du plan masse. il peut s’appliquer à des permis d’urbanisation ou des outils d’urbanisme comme lors de concours ou d’appels à projets.Guides méthodologique