Qualitative characteristics of thin-cut smoking tobacco and the chemical composition of the smoke of products made from it

Thin-cut smoking tobacco is gaining more and more popularity among consumers of tobacco products. However, this type of product remains poorly understood, including the chemical composition of its smoke. The analysis of the data on the chemical composition of the smoke of smoking tobacco products of various designs is an urgent task from the point of view of assessing the toxic load. It will help further to develop recommendations and suggestions for consumers in the manufacture of these products. The main purpose of this work is to study the effect of the product design (diameter, weight and air permeability of paper) on the chemical composition of smoke and tasting assessment. This article discusses the technological properties of smoking tobacco brands: «Pepe», «Stanley», «Corsar», «Redmont». The chemical composition of tobacco (nicotine, proteins, carbohydrates and pH) was analyzed. The analysis of the composition and breathability of paper for self-rolled cigarettes of the brands «OCB Premium» and «OCB Organic Hemp» used for the manufacture of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco, of different diameters. The influence of the design features of the products (diameter and weight) was studied on the chemical composition of smoke (nicotine, resin, carbon monoxide). Experimentally, the dependence of the chemical composition of smoke on the air permeability of paper and the design features of thin-cut tobacco products has been established: when using paper with low air permeability and with an increase in the diameter and weight of products, the nicotine content increases by 37,55% and resin by 39,54%. The dependence between the nicotine content in tobacco and nicotine in the smoke of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco was revealed

LC-MS Method Development for Simultaneous Determination of Trans-3′-hydroxycotinine and Three Mercapturic Acids in Urine

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The negative impact of tobacco smoke on the human body is due to a wide range of harmful substances including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some VOCs of tobacco smoke metabolize in human organism into mercapturic acids (MAs). The determination of the amount of MAs in readily available biological fluids, for example in urine, allows to assess the level of exposure of these VOCs in a particular person. It is useful to assess the impact of individual VOCs on the body together with the assessment of the intake of nicotine. The intake of nicotine can be determined by the content of its metabolites in the urine, in particular by the content of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (tH-Cot). A joint assessment of the concentrations of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine and MAs in urine allows obtaining selective information about effects of different VOCs and nicotine on the smoker’s body. We have developed a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for simultaneous quantifying of tH-Cot and three MAs: N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine (HPMA), N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine (HMPMA), N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA). We used this method to quantify the levels of MAs and tH-Cot in the urine of a group of 15 smokers just before and 5 days after smoking cessation. For all studied compounds, we have found statistically significant changes in concentration on the fifth day of smoking cessation. The method developed can be used to jointly assess the levels of exposure to nicotine and VOCs in the study of various tobacco products

Determining of moisture content of tobacco for hookah

One of the most important characteristics affecting the technological and consumer’s properties of tobacco, tobacco products, including tobacco for hookah, is humidity. Methods for determining the moisture content in hookah tobacco do not exist. The review of literature on the existing methods for humidity determination of food and tobacco products has been carried. In order to adapt existing in tobacco industry methods for determining humidity in hookah tobacco their review has also been carried. The purpose of researches was studying the various drying regimes for obtaining objective information on humidity of tobacco for a hookah. Two temperature regimes of 95 °C and 105 °C with various drying duration has been studied. Statistical analysis of experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the experiments has been carried. It has discovered that curing duration at studies temperatures of hookah tobacco samples does not affect greatly the content determination, but temperature of curing affects greatly. Method of continuous drying at ambient temperature is considered to be the most accurate, and has been taken as a comparison. It was found that the experimental results of moisture content determination in hookah tobacco greatly differ from the comparison; this can be probably explained by the peculiarities of the composition of hookah tobacco. Hookah tobacco includes hot only tobacco particles but also honey, sugar beet molasses, volatile compounds (flavorings and glycerin). Glycerin is non-volatile at ambient temperature, but at higher temperatures it begins to evaporate rapidly. This mass loss of studied hookah tobacco samples caused by increased temperature considered to be water, so final result on water content determination is inaccurate. The obtained results are not final and further researches should de continued

Correlation between pH and nicotine content in extract of nonsmoking tobacco product – snus

All tobacco products even non-smoking contain nicotine, which has special effect on consumer’s organism and causes addiction. Necessity of nicotine content in tobacco products regulation inspires researches in this field. Popularity of non-smoking product snus is growing. Main advantage of this product is absence of smoke formation and as the result its consumption is possible in any place where smoking is prohibited. Snus contains tobacco, salt (NaCl) for aroma stabilization and preservation, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) for acidity regulation, propylene glycol for water retaining, flavoring and water. Physiological effect on consumer’s organism has only nicotine which is present in unbound form. Unbound nicotine content can be regulated by changing acidity of the product. For research samples of snus with the same ingredients content but different sodium carbonate content have been prepared. It has been discovered that changing sodium carbonate content leads to altering of unbound nicotine content in extract. Sample of snus with 6 % of sodium carbonate contained 0.51 % of unbound nicotine. Maximum score after tasting had sample with 6 % of sodium carbonate. It has been discovered that maximum content of sodium carbonate in the product should be 6 %. As the result recipes and technological instructions for manufacturing non-smoking tobacco product with altering nicotine content have been developed

Efficiency of application of physical methods of drying intensification to various tobacco varieties

Intensification of tobacco leaves drying is achieved due to the physical method of cutting the middle vein of the leaf. The method of cutting costae is applied to various varieties of tobacco used in mixtures in the manufacture of smoking products. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of cutting on the quality indicators of raw materials of various varieties of tobacco used in the mixtures when a natural method of drying is used. The dynamics and intensity of drying of different varieties of tobacco with cut costae have been studied in comparison with a whole leaf. It has been found that the dried raw material has a different final equilibrium moisture, which determines its hygroscopic properties. The influence of hygroscopic properties of various varieties on the technological parameters of the raw material has been determined. It has been established that the method of cutting costae in all types of tobacco reduces the drying time by 1.3-2.5 times, does not impair the commodity quality of the raw materials, improves its technological properties, the fiber yield increases to 1.58-6.85%, dust yield does not exceed the regulated values, does not significantly affect changes in the chemical indicator of nicotine level

Rationale for criterion of choosing the method for post-harvesting tobacco treating and drying

The choice of the method of drying a particular variety of tobacco is determined by a number of criteria, physiological characteristics of the rate of moisture loss of the variety during drying, production volumes, technological equipment of the production and the desired quality of the obtained raw materials. The aim of the research is to determine the criteria when choosing a method of drying tobacco and justify one of the criteria that determines the method of drying according to the quality indicators of raw materials, using the example of large-leaved skeletal Yubileiny Novyi 142 tobacco variety.  To increase the drying efficiency in post-harvest processing, the method of cutting the costae is used, which allows to halve the drying time. Tobacco is dried in a natural, artificial and combined ways. The raw materials of all drying methods have been evaluated according to the main quality indicators. It has been found that physiological characteristics of the variety make it possible to obtain better raw materials when the combined drying method is used: the yield of raw materials of the first commercial grade is increased to 98%; fiber yield increases; bulk-elastic properties are improved, which reduce specific consumption of raw materials per unit of smoking products; the chemical composition of raw materials improves, toxicity decreases, due to a decrease in nicotine values, fermentation of raw materials increases the smoking advantages of tobacco

Studies of innovative product – electronic system for nicotine delivery

Studying the electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are widely spread as substitute for traditional tobacco product is an important aim. This product differs from traditional product by absence of burning process, and it is consumed by inhaling aerosol formed by heating tobacco or liquid, containing nicotine. Monitoring of electronic nicotine delivery systems’ market is carried. Principles for classifying new product as separate category of tobacco goods are elaborated. Classification for ENDS is offered. Physical properties of single use ENDS and liquid composition are defined. “Method for machine smoking of single use electronic smoking systems and collecting its TPM and gas phase of smoke with linear smoking machine CERULEAN SM 405” was elaborated. Physical properties of reusable ENDS are defined. ENDS product is fine aerosol formed by heating. Absence of standard international regulations on nicotine containing products and methods for control of its aerosol content leads to utilizing different machine smoking protocols. Machine smoking protocols for tobacco products are presented. After researches absence of carbon monoxide in gas phase of single use and reusable ENDS is found. This proves absence of burning process. The last generation of reusable ENDS is innovative tobacco product which is heated – electric system for heating tobacco (ESHT) which completely differs from traditional tobacco products. ESHT consuming is based on tobacco heating without its burning or combustion. As the result it is possible to decrease content of harmful and potentially harmful aerosol compounds and conserve adequate to consumers levels of taste. Further studies will be aimed at defining ESHT potential for decreasing health risks compared to traditional cigarettes

Improvement of consumer characteristics and reduced toxicity of chewing tobacco when using of flavors

Smokeless tobacco products are declared by producers as alternative to smoking products. Smokeless tobacco products are consumed without combustion or pyrolysis process by sucking it in oral cavity (sucking tobacco), chewing (chewing tobacco) or inhaling (sniff tobacco). During oral consuming nicotine is absorbed by oral mucous, and during nasal consuming – by nasal mucous. Sales of chewing and sniff tobacco are allowed in Russia. Stable sales increasing of these smokeless tobaccos are observed in Russia during last years. Nicotine content decreasing can be achieved by different methods: physical, technological (utilizing expanded stem, reconstituted tobacco, tobacco with low nicotine content, non tobacco materials). Flavorings that have good combination with tobacco aroma had been chosen. They are: flower and herbs, food plants, citrus peels, natural coffee and cacao, vanilla sugar. Possibility of their utilizing for decreasing toxicity of chewing tobacco has been studied. Efficiency of this method has been proved, and optimal contents of tobacco and flavorings have been found

INVESTIGATION OF THE CONTENTS OF NICOTINE AND 3,4-BENZPYRENE IN THE SOLID-LIQUID PHASE OF ELECTRIC TOBACCO HEATING SYSTEMS AEROSOL STICK AND TOBACCO SMOKE

The problem of improving the quality and reducing the toxicity of tobacco products is relevant worldwide and is related directly to health.The World Health Organization has identified nine priority toxic substances to assess and monitor the content of harmful toxic substances in cigarette tobacco smoke and ESTH (electrical tobacco heating systems) aerosol (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(N-methyl-N)nitrosamino-)-1-(3-pyridyl-)-1-butanone (NNK), benzene, 1,3-butadiene, carbon monoxide, 3,4-benzpyrene).The purpose of the research is to measure the content of nicotine and 3,4-benzpyrene in the solid-liquid phase of the aerosol of the electric tobacco heating system (ESTH), the smoke of a standard 3R4F cigarette and the smoke of five brands of cigarettes when tested on a smoking machine in ISO3308 and ISO Intense20778 modes. The comparative characteristics of the smoking modes ISO and ISO Intense are given.The article presents a comparative analysis of the content of nicotine and 3,4-benzpyrene in the solid-liquid phase of ESTH aerosol sticks and cigarette smoke, including the control cigarette 3R4F. The problems of the chemical composition of tobacco smoke aerosol and the processes of formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smoke are considered. Chemical and toxicological characteristics of 3,4-benzpyrene are given

PROCESS CONTROL STORAGE SMOKELESS TOBACCO (SNUS)

An important aim during smokeless tobacco product (snus) storage is keeping its quantitative and qualitative properties. Another significant factor is its biological safety due to its oral way of consumption. The main factors affecting quality during storage are: temperature, relative humidity, air composition, ventilation rate, surrounding products and package. Snus consumption is growing, but till present it was slightly spread in Russia and as a result little studied, thus studying process of its storage is an actual question. The aims of the research were: studying terms and methods of storage that provide constant product’s quality. Samples with different composition were taken for carrying research. Quality evaluation was carried according to standard for tobacco branch methods and to new methods developed in the laboratory of technologies for manufacturing tobacco products. Products were stored at lowered and room temperatures. It is discovered that snus with herbs added can be stored at room temperature and humidity not more than three months. Snus with coffee added can be stored not more than four months without changing its taste. Adding honey to this product slightly decreases its score by sensory evaluation, but remains it possible for consumption. Sensory testing score after storage at lowered temperature has remained unchanged. Optimal terms of storage were found. For room temperature they are: temperature 17-25 °C, relative air humidity 65 – 75 %, for lowered temperature – 5 °C and relative air humidity 50 -60 %. It was discovered that composition of snus and environmental parameters affect its storage duration