Prediction of changes in properties of pipes from polyethylene in the research of simulation of ageing

This study presents a comparative analysis of specimens before and after photochemical and electrochemical ageing processes. The specimens were cut out of the pipes obtained through extrusion. The examinations were carried out for two commercial grades of polyethylene. Ageing with UV radiation was carried out using a gas discharge lamp, whereas simulation of electrochemical ageing was performed in a water solution of NaCl. Tensile strength testing, differential scanning calorimetry, colour and gloss measurements and hardness testing using the method of ball indentation were carried out for both types of specimens (after ageing and without ageing). Analysis of the results of the examinations revealed that ageing caused significant changes in properties of the specimens. In the samples after ageing was observed decrease in tensile strength. Found a decrease in the degree of crystallinity and changing temperatures physical changes. In the samples after ageing was observed different values of the parameters describing the colour. In samples after ageing also reported a reduction in gloss and hardness

Influence of processing parameters on properties of polyamide filled with glass balls

Comparative analysis of thermomechanical properties of polyamide and polyamide composites with addition of 30% of glass balls was performed. The specimens were obtained using the injection moulding technology by means of KraussMaffei KM65-160C1 injection moulding machine. The non-filled polyamide and part of components were injected using the parameters recommended by the manufacturer. A reduced value of mould cooling temperature was used for the other non-filled specimens. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hardness testing, impact strength testing, bending resistance and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were also performed

Thermal and mechanical properties of the polyethylene composite with filler derived from the milling of car carpets

Problemy dotyczące utylizacji i recyklingu elementów polimerowych znajdujących się w samochodach są aktualnym i istotnym problemem w przetwórstwie tworzyw sztucznych. W przeciętnym pojeździe znajduje się ogromna liczba przedmiotów wykonanych z tworzyw polimerowych. Należą do nich m.in. dywaniki samochodowe, które stanowią cenny potencjał do odzyskania np. poliamidu. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań próbek kompozytów polietylenu z dodatkiem 25% i 50% napełniacza pochodzącego z przemiału używanych dywaników samochodów różnych marek. Wykonano badania twardości, różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej DSC, badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie oraz dynamicznych właściwości mechanicznych DMTA.Problems concerning the disposal and recycling of polymer elements found in cars are current and important issue in plastics processing. In the average vehicle there is a huge number of objects made of plastics. Among them there are car mats, which constitute a valuable potential for recovery, eg. polyamide. The article presents the results of research the composite samples of polyethylene with the addition 25% and 50% filler, derieved from the milling of used mats of cars of different brands. The harness, differential scanning calorimetry DSC, tensile strength testing, and dynamic mechanical properties DMTA were investigated

Thermomechanical properties of polyamide 6 with addition of fly ash from biomass

Modification of polymer materials by various kinds of fillers is presently applied very often in massive production. This is due to the need for materials with better properties and lower prices for parts. One of the newest solutions is the filling of polymers with fly ash. This results in a change in products properties and reduction the amount of waste in the form of ashes. This article shows the results of investigations of thermomechanical properties of polyamide 6 modified by fly ash from the combustion of biomass. Comparative analysis of unfilled polyamide and polyamide composites with the addition of 5%, 10% and 15% of fly ash was performed. The specimens were obtained using injection moulding technology. The commercial name for the Polyamide 6 used in this study is TARNAMID T-27 and was manufactured by Zakłady Azotowe Tarnów. Fly ash manufactured by GDF Suez Energia Polska S.A. was applied as a filler. The investigations of mechanical properties were made using a harness by pressing ball method, impact strength by Charpy method and tensile strength. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), softening temperature by Vicat, and colour investigations were also performed. Pictures of microstructure were made

Variant design of the construction of an indoor ski slope

Popularność sportów zimowych w Polsce wciąż rośnie. Ośrodki narciarskie zlokalizowane na górskich lodowcach umożliwiają całoroczne uprawianie sportów zimowych, co nie jest możliwe w polskich kompleksach. Alternatywą mogą okazać się kryte stoki narciarskie, których jak dotąd nie ma w naszym kraju. Na świecie zrealizowanych zostało już wiele takich obiektów i wszystkie cieszą się ogromnym zainteresowaniem wśród turystów przez cały rok. Celem pracy dyplomowej było wykonanie wariantowego projektu konstrukcji krytego stoku narciarskiego, przy rozpatrzeniu dwóch koncepcji architektoniczno-budowlanych tego typu obiektu sportowego.The popularity of winter sports in Poland is constantly growing. Ski resorts located on mountain glaciers make it possible to practice winter sports all year round, which is not possible in Polish complexes. An alternative option may be indoor ski slopes, which so far are not present in our country. In other countries, many such facilities have already been constructed and they are all very popular among tourists throughout the year. The aim of the thesis was to create a variant design of the construction of an indoor ski slope, considering two architectural and construction concepts of this type of sports facility

Analysis of the impact of technological parameters control and work environment on the quality pipes made in extrusion technology

W artykule scharakteryzowano wpływ wybranych parametrów procesu wytłaczania i środowiska pracy na jakość wytworzonych rur. W celu określenia częstotliwości i przyczyn występowania wad wytłoczyn wykorzystano takie narzędzie doskonalenia jakości, jak diagram Ishikawy. Zanalizowano 10 dominujących wad powstałych podczas procesu wytłaczania. Podjęto próbę ustalenia intensywności występowania wad oraz możliwości ich eliminacji.In article was characterized the impact of extrusion process parameters and work environment on the quality of manufactured pipes. In order to determine the causes of defects of extrudates was used for quality improvement tools such as Ishikawa diagram. They analyzed 10 dominant defects occurring during the extrusion process. An attempt was made to determine the intensity of defects and their possible elimination

Mobile robot navigation with the use of semantic map constructed from 3D laser range scans

We describe a system allowing a mobile robot equipped with a 3D laser range finder to navigate in the indoor and outdoor environment. A global map of the environment is constructed, and the particle filter algorithm is used in order to accurately determine the position of the robot. Based on data from the laser only, the robot is able to recognize certain classes of objects like a floor, a door, a washbasin, or a wastebasket, and places like corridors or rooms. For complex objects, the recognition process is based on the Haar feature identification. When an object is detected and identified, its position is associated with the appropriate place in the global map, making it possible to give orders to the robot with the use of semantic labels, e.g., "go to the nearest wastebasket ". The obstaclefree path is generated using a Cellular Neural Network, accounting for travel costs with distance or ground quality. This path planning method is fast and in comparison with the potential field method it does not suffer from the local minima problem. We present some results of experiments performed in a real indoor environment

Fast method of 3D map building based on laser range data

In this paper, we consider the problem of 3D maps building based on the 3D laser scanner indications. The map of the environmem is represented as a 2D array of cells. Each cell represents rectangular region of the scene and consits of list of objects. The key idea of the system is lines extraction from the raw laser data and assigning them to the proper cells. Based on the lines, a set of objects (planes) is built and assigned to each cell. Objects represent obstacles in the environment. The main advantages of the system are real-time map building and Iow memory consumption. We prove that the system works property in real indoor environment but the system can be extended in order ta buiit the map of uristructured robots surrounding

Construction of a dual metric-semantic map of the mobile robot environment based on data from a 3D laser scanner

W artykule przedstawiono metodę budowy hybrydowej rastrowo-obiektowej mapy otoczenia mobilnego na podstawie wskazań skanera laserowego 3D. Chmura punktów jest zapisywana w postaci zbioru wektorów normalnych. Składowe wektora są reprezentowane jako składowe RGB. Przeprowadzana jest segmentacja obrazu, a następnie dokonuje się klasyfikacji semantycznej. W procesie klasyfikacji wykorzystuje się cechy Haara oraz systemy regułowe. Każdy wykryty obiekt jest przypisywany do pewnej komórki mapy rastrowej. Mapa utworzona w ten sposób może być następnie wykorzystana w algorytmie nawigacyjnym - ułatwia współpracę robot-człowiek oraz planowanie trasy. Metoda jest kontynuacją algorytmu opisanego w artykule pt." Segmentacja danych otrzymanych z dalmierza laserowego 3D".The major goal of our current research is to build a dual grid-based and semantic map of an unknown indoor environment based on data obtained from a 3D laser scanner. In this paper main steps concerning object classification are presented. A point cloud from the 3D scanner is transformed into a set of normal vectors, which are then represented as a RGB raster image where each color component corresponds to x, y, z coordinates of the vectors. In the next step we apply some standard methods from image analysis, like flood-filling and object detection using Haar-like features, in order to perform segmentation and find objects of our interest in the examined scene. Afterwards we use 3D geometrical information and relation between the detected objects in our classification process. If a semantic meaning can be assigned to any object it is used for building a dual metric-semantic map of the environment. Such a map should serve as a basic element for human-robot interaction