Leadership decision making : an empirical test of the vroom and yetton model

Despite common belief that greater worker participation in industry will increase productivity and worker job satisfaction, the empirical evidence has been most contradictory. Most theorists now belief that the degree of participation should depend on the particular problem facing the leader. For the practicing manager one -problem has been identification of the situation and subsequent selection of a appropriate decision method. One answer to this problem is the Vroom and Yetton Model which gives explicit directions to the leader as to how to identify the problem and select the appropriate decision method. The first objective of this research was to examine the extemal validity of that' model. A measure was also obtained of the leader's- preference for participation and this was compared to the dependent variables of ñrm productivity and worker satisfactionwith supervision. The sites chosen for the research were 47, owner-operated, small, nonuniorised, franchised rms, where the leader had the'-power and authority toreffect organisational outcomes. In these sites, there' was. relatively high control over the technology employed, tasks performed, number of levels of hierarchy, and the extemal environments. It was found that those leaders who had high agreement with the Vroom and Yetton model had higher productivity and workers with higher satisfaction with supervision than those leaderslow in agreement withe, the model. On the other hand, those leaders with a high preference for participation had workers with lower satisfaction with supervision than leaders with low preference for participation. No correlation was found between the leaders' preference for participation and the rms productivity. These findings give strong support for the Vroom and Yetton model, but raise the question of why some leaders should follow the model without having had any training in it

Renal Drug Transporters and Drug Interactions.

Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers