¿Sujetos peligrosos? Repatriados españoles desde la URSS en la Provincia de Vizcaya, 1956-1963

Between 1956 and 1959, at the end of the Cold War’s first full decade, 1900 Spaniards – niños, political exiles, former divisionarios, pilots, aviators– repatriated from the USSR. Departing from existing scholarship that has examined the repatriates’ “integration” into Spanish society under the Franco regime, this article explores their agency, that is, the choices they made as they interacted with the institutions of the Franco regime and other Spaniards, despite close surveillance by Franco authorities and interrogation by the CIA under “Project Niños.”The article offers the first study of repatriation in a single province: Vizcaya, to which more repatriates returned than elsewhere. Following repatriates from the USSR, where they constructed an “imaginary Spain” in preparation for displacement, to their reunions with family they had not seen for nearly two decades, to their search for decent jobs and apartments, the essay demonstrates that repatriates did not necessarily see themselves as passive recipients of the regime’s guidance in being “incorporated” into Spanish life. By pressing their needs for housing, employment, validation of their Soviet degrees, and, at times, to leave Spain for the USSR or elsewhere, some repatriates succeeded in making their lives more tolerable. Repatriates enlisted Spaniards on other continents in transnational advocacy networks on behalf of repatriates who had been detained, arrested, and, in some cases, tortured. They thereby brought the regime’s repression of the repatriates to the attention of international institutions with power to shape the court of world opinion.Entre 1956 y 1959, al final de la primera década completa de la Guerra Fría, 1900 españoles (niños, exiliados políticos, antiguos divisionarios, pilotos, aviadores) fueron repatriados desde la URSS. Este artículo se aparta de textos académicos anteriores que examinan la “integración” de los repatriados en la sociedad española bajo la dictadura de Franco para centrarse en su voluntad propia, es decir, en las decisiones personales que tomaron a la hora de lidiar con las instituciones franquistas y con otros españoles, a pesar de encontrarse bajo vigilancia por parte del régimen, y de ser frecuentemente interrogados por la CIA bajo el auspicio del “Project Niños”. El artículo ofrece el primer estudio de la repatriación en una sola provincia, Vizcaya, que acogió a más repatriados que ninguna otra en España. Mediante un seguimiento de los repatriados desde la URSS, donde construyeron una “España imaginada” en sus mentes, hasta los reencuentros con los familiares a los que no habían visto en décadas y su búsqueda de empleo en España, este artículo demuestra que los repatriados no se consideraron a sí mismos sujetos pasivos en lo que el régimen entendía como el proceso de “incorporación” a la vida en España. Al insistir sobre su derecho a un alojamiento digno, un empleo y a la convalidación de sus títulos soviéticos en España, así como, en ocasiones, a regresar a la URSS si así lo deseaban, algunos repatriados consiguieron que sus vidas fueran más tolerables. Los repatriados reclutaron a españoles en otros continentes para forma parte de redes de solidaridad internacional para apoyar a aquellos repatriados que habían sido detenidos, arrestados y, en algunos casos, torturados. De esta manera, consiguieron llamar la atención de las instituciones internacionales con poder de transformar la opinión pública mundial sobre la represión franquista

Dangerous Subjects? Spanish Repatriates from the USSR in the Province of Vizcaya, 1956-1963

Between 1956 and 1959, at the end of the Cold War’s first full decade, 1900 Spaniards – niños, political exiles, former divisionarios, pilots, aviators– repatriated from the USSR. Departing from existing scholarship that has examined the repatriates’ “integration” into Spanish society under the Franco regime, this article explores their agency, that is, the choices they made as they interacted with the institutions of the Franco regime and other Spaniards, despite close surveillance by Franco authorities and interrogation by the CIA under “Project Niños.”The article offers the first study of repatriation in a single province: Vizcaya, to which more repatriates returned than elsewhere. Following repatriates from the USSR, where they constructed an “imaginary Spain” in preparation for displacement, to their reunions with family they had not seen for nearly two decades, to their search for decent jobs and apartments, the essay demonstrates that repatriates did not necessarily see themselves as passive recipients of the regime’s guidance in being “incorporated” into Spanish life. By pressing their needs for housing, employment, validation of their Soviet degrees, and, at times, to leave Spain for the USSR or elsewhere, some repatriates succeeded in making their lives more tolerable. Repatriates enlisted Spaniards on other continents in transnational advocacy networks on behalf of repatriates who had been detained, arrested, and, in some cases, tortured. They thereby brought the regime’s repression of the repatriates to the attention of international institutions with power to shape the court of world opinion

Report of the 2021 U.S. Community Study on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021) Summary Chapter

The 2021-22 High-Energy Physics Community Planning Exercise (a.k.a. ``Snowmass 2021'') was organized by the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society. Snowmass 2021 was a scientific study that provided an opportunity for the entire U.S. particle physics community, along with its international partners, to identify the most important scientific questions in High Energy Physics for the following decade, with an eye to the decade after that, and the experiments, facilities, infrastructure, and R&D needed to pursue them. This Snowmass summary report synthesizes the lessons learned and the main conclusions of the Community Planning Exercise as a whole and presents a community-informed synopsis of U.S. particle physics at the beginning of 2023. This document, along with the Snowmass reports from the various subfields, will provide input to the 2023 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) subpanel of the U.S. High-Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP), and will help to guide and inform the activity of the U.S. particle physics community during the next decade and beyond.Comment: 75 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. This is the first chapter and summary of the full report of the Snowmass 2021 Workshop. This version fixes an important omission from Table 2, adds two references that were not available at the time of the original version, fixes a minor few typos, and adds a small amount of material to section 1.1.

Protestant women in the late Soviet era: gender, authority, and dissent

At the peak of the anti-religious campaigns under Nikita Khrushchev, communist propaganda depicted women believers as either naïve dupes, tricked by the clergy, or as depraved fanatics; the Protestant “sektantka” (female sectarian) was a particularly prominent folk-devil. In fact, as this article shows, women’s position within Protestant communities was far more complex than either of these mythical figures would have one believe. The authors explore four important, but contested, female roles: women as leaders of worship, particularly in remote congregations where female believers vastly outnumbered their male counterparts; women as unofficial prophetesses, primarily within Pentecostal groups; women as mothers, replenishing congregations through high birth rates and commitment to their children’s religious upbringing; and women as political actors in the defence of religious rights. Using a wide range of sources, which include reports written by state officials, articles in the church journal, letters from church members to their ecclesiastical leaders in Moscow, samizdat texts, and oral history accounts, the authors probe women’s relationship with authority, in terms of both the authority of the (male) ministry within the church, and the authority of the Soviet state

Report of the 2021 U.S. Community Study on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021)

This is the full high-level report of Snowmass 2021, the most recent of the U.S. High Energy Physics (HEP) Community Planning Exercises, sponsored by the Division of Particles and Fields (DPF) of the American Physical Society (APS), with strong consultation from the aligned APS Divisions of Nuclear Physics, Astrophysics, Gravitational Physics, and Physics of Beams. The goal of these community studies, the first of which was in 1982, has been to identify the most important scientific questions in HEP for the following decade, with an eye to the decade after that, and the facilities, infrastructure, and \R&D needed to pursue them. This report consists of an overall summary, chapters on each of the ten main working groups of the study, called "Frontiers", a chapter on the work of the Snowmass Early Career Organization, a chapter on the ongoing search for dark matter as an example of cross-Frontier and cross-disciplinary physics, and a short Conclusion. Many reports and white p apers provided input to this document and they are also available on an associated website