Modeling Thermal Fluctuations: Phase Mixing and Percolation

We consider the nonequilibrium dynamics of a a real scalar field in a degenerate double-well potential. The system is prepared in the lowest free energy state in one of the wells and the dynamics is driven by the coupling of the field to a thermal bath. Using a simple analytical model, based on the subcritical bubbles method, we compute the fraction of the total volume which fluctuates to the opposite phase as a function of the parameters of the potential. Furthermore, we show how complete phase mixing, {\em i.e.} symmetry restoration, is related to percolation, which is dynamically driven by domain instability. Our method describes quantitatively recent results obtained by numerical simulations, and is applicable to systems in the Ising universality class.Comment: Latex, 7 pages, 2 postscript figures, submitted to PRL. Also available at http://fnas08.fnal.gov

Weakly First Order Cosmological Phase Transitions and Fermion Production

We study weakly first order cosmological phase transitions in finite temperature field theories. Focusing on the standard electroweak theory and its minimal supersymmetric extension, we identify the regimes of Higgs masses for which the phase transition in these models proceeds by significant phase mixing and the coarsening of the subsequent domain network. This dynamics is distinct from that for strongly first order transitions, which proceed by the nucleation and propagation of critical bubbles. We describe how electroweak baryogenesis might take place in these models, explaining how our new picture can relax the sphaleron washout bound of traditional scenarios.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, RevTeX. Some extra clarifying discussion added. To appear in Phys. Lett.

Unnatural Oscillon Lifetimes in an Expanding Background

We consider a classical toy model of a massive scalar field in 1+1 dimensions with a constant exponential expansion rate of space. The nonlinear theory under consideration supports approximate oscillon solutions, but they eventually decay due to their coupling to the expanding background. Although all the parameters of the theory and the oscillon energies are of order one in units of the scalar field mass $m$, the oscillon lifetime is exponentially large in these natural units. For typical values of the parameters, we see oscillon lifetimes scaling approximately as $\tau \propto \exp(k E/m)/m$ where $E$ is the oscillon energy and the constant $k$ is on the order of 5 to 15 for expansion rates between $H=0.02m$ and $H=0.01m$.Comment: 7 pages, 2 .eps figures; v2: expanded discussion of decay, fixed typos; version to appear in Physics Letters

Nonequilibrium Precursor Model for the Onset of Percolation in a Two-Phase System

Using a Boltzmann equation, we investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of nonperturbative fluctuations within the context of Ginzburg-Landau models. As an illustration, we examine how a two-phase system initially prepared in a homogeneous, low-temperature phase becomes populated by precursors of the opposite phase as the temperature is increased. We compute the critical value of the order parameter for the onset of percolation, which signals the breakdown of the conventional dilute gas approximation.Comment: 4 pages, 4 eps figures (uses epsf), Revtex. Replaced with version in press Physical Review

Phase Transitions in the Universe

During the past two decades, cosmologists turned to particle physics in order to explore the physics of the very early Universe. The main link between the physics of the smallest and largest structures in the Universe is the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking, familiar from condensed matter physics. Implementing this mechanism into cosmology leads to the interesting possibility that phase transitions related to the breaking of symmetries in high energy particle physics took place during the early history of the Universe. These cosmological phase transitions may help us understand many of the challenges faced by the standard hot Big Bang model of cosmology, while offering a unique window into the very early Universe and the physics of high energy particle interactions.Comment: 31 pages, LaTeX, 10 figures, 8 provided (7 EPS + 1 PS). Uses psfig.tex. Invited article for ``Contemporary Physics'

International health workers spend year at VCU

Samuel Hanu, a psychiatric nurse from Ghana, is among a dozen health professionals from throughout the world spending the year at VCU as part of the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program. He is researching how the United States treats substance abuse and mental illness