12 research outputs found

    L'autisme, une autre intelligence: nouveauté ou recul?

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    Dans ce texte, nous soumettons Ă  examen la conception de l'autisme avancĂ©e par Laurent Mottron dans son ouvrage L'autisme : une autre intelligence (Mottron, 2004). Le texte comprend quatre parties. Dans la premiĂšre partie, nous prĂ©sentons le cadre paradigmatique de l'auteur en matiĂšre de troubles envahissants et l'emphase mise sur une catĂ©gorie qu'il tient pour majoritaire bien que nĂ©gligĂ©e dans la littĂ©rature scientifique et dans les rĂ©seaux de services : les troubles envahissants du dĂ©veloppement sans dĂ©ficienceintellectuelle (TEDSDI). Il assimile ce groupe Ă  un nouvel autisme dominant. Dans la deuxiĂšme partie, nous montronsque souscrire Ă  l'idĂ©e de l'autisme comme une autre forme d'intelligence ne permet pas une conceptualisation adĂ©quate des capacitĂ©s ni des dĂ©ficits des personnes concernĂ©es. La troisiĂšme partie, aborde le problĂšme du traitement de l'autisme. À l'encontre des propos de Mottron, nous dĂ©fendons la pertinence de traiter l'autisme, notamment par I'intervention comportementale intensive (lCI) et l'analyse appliquĂ©e du comportement et jugeons sa position anachronique. D'autre part, la prĂ©pondĂ©rance et quasiexclusivitĂ© qu'il accorde Ă  TEACCH comme rĂ©ponse sociopsycho-pĂ©dagogique apparaĂźt injustifiĂ©e. La quatriĂšme partie constitue une critique de l'analyse des Ă©motions chez les personnes autistes que fait l'auteur Ă  partir d'Ă©crits autobiographiques, un retour vers l'introspection comme mĂ©thode de recherche. En conclusion, nous dĂ©plorons le ton gĂ©nĂ©ral du propos, trop dialectique, notamment dans sa dichotomisation entre autistes et non autistes. Le militantisme de Mottron pour les « autistes » sans dĂ©ficience intellectuelle déçoit, de mĂȘme que le dĂ©bordement idĂ©ologique de sa thĂ©orie en faveur de la reconnaissance d'une culture autistique.In this article, we examine and evaluate Laurent Mottron's theory of autism as described in his book L'autisme : une autre intelligence (Mottron, 2004). This review article contains four parts. In the first part, we summarize Mottron's conception of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), with his focus on high functioning people, a group he considers much larger than formerly thought and neglected in current literature or service networks. He calls this group PDDWID (Pervasive Developmental Disorders Without Intellectual Deficiency) and creates an expanded new definition of autism. Secondly, we examine his theory of a different intelligence as displayed by ”autistic” people. We conclude that his conceptual assertions on this issue lack evidence-based validation, and lead to misinterpretation of the strengths and deficits of persons with ASD. Thirdly, we examine his appraisal of autism treatment. We conclude that he underestimates the value of early intensive behavioral intervention, and more generally of applied behavior analysis for the whole spectrum. His position on TEACCH as the main psychosocial and educational response for persons with ASD is inadequately justified, and anachronistic. Fourthly, Mottron's approach to the study of emotions based on autobiographical materials and introspection is a misleading avenue as a primary research method. Concluding comments question his dialectical stand contrasting autistics and non-autistics, his social activism for high functioning ASD persons, and his ideological endorsement of autism as a culture

    Les comportements d’éducateurs soutenant l’intĂ©gration en classe ordinaire d’élĂšves ayant un trouble envahissant du dĂ©veloppement

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    Cette Ă©tude permet de dĂ©crire les comportements de quatre Ă©ducateurs de soutien Ɠuvrant dans une classe ordinaire de niveau primaire au sein de laquelle un Ă©lĂšve ayant un trouble envahissant du dĂ©veloppement (TED) est intĂ©grĂ©. Les comportements sont dĂ©finis Ă  partir de cinq catĂ©gories : a) le soutien Ă  l’intĂ©gration sociale, b) la gestion de comportements, c) le soutien Ă  l’apprentissage scolaire d) les soins et le soutien Ă  l’autonomie personnelle, et e) les communications interpersonnelles. Les donnĂ©es sont recueillies Ă  partir d’observations directes par intervalle de temps (5s/5s). Les rĂ©sultats montrent que, pendant les pĂ©riodes d’observation, la plupart des interventions des Ă©ducateurs concernent le soutien aux ap‐ prentissages scolaires. Mots‐clĂ©s : Ă©ducateur, comportements, classe ordinaire, trouble envahissant du dĂ©velop‐ pement, intĂ©gration TED This study describes the behaviours of four educational assistants in regular primary class‐ rooms where children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are integrated. Five catego‐ ries of behaviours are described: a) social integration support, b) behaviour management, c) academic support, d) care and support for personal autonomy, e) interpersonal communi‐ cations. Behaviours are recorded using a 5s/5s interval procedure. During the observation periods, the educational assistants most frequently displayed academic support behaviour. Key words: educational assistants, behaviours, regular classroom, autism spectrum disor‐ ders, PDD mainstreaming

    Greenhouse gas emissions after application of landfilled paper mill sludge for land reclamation of a nonacidic mine tailings site

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    Large areas of mine tailings are reclaimed by applying organic amendments such as paper mill sludge (PMS). Although mining industries can use PMS freshly generated by paper mills, operational constraints on paper industries make temporary landfilling of this material an unavoidable alternative for the paper industries, creating the most prominent PMS source for mining industries. This study aimed to quantify soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (N2O, CO2, and CH4) after application of landfilled PMS (LPMS; i.e., excavated from a landfill site at a paper mill) and LPMS combined with a seeding treatment of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) on nonacidic mine tailings site prior to reforestation. Soil N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes were measured after applications of 50 and 100 Mg dry LPMS ha−1 during two consecutive snowfree seasons on two adjacent sites; LPMS was applied once in the first season. The LPMS application increased N2O emissions (7.6 to 34.7 kg N2O-N ha−1, comprising 1.04 to 2.43% of applied N) compared with the unamended control during the first season; these emissions were negligible during the second season. The LPMS application increased CO2 emissions (~5800 to 11,400 kg CO2–C ha−1, comprising 7 to 27% of applied C) compared with the unamended control on both sites and in both seasons. Fluxes of CH4 were negligible. White clover combined with LPMS treatments did not affect soil GHG emissions. These new GHG emission factors should be integrated into life-cycle analyses to evaluate the C footprint of potential symbioses between the mining and paper industries. Future research should focus on the effect of PMS applications on soil GHG emissions from a variety of mine tailings under various management practices and climatic conditions to plan responsible and sustainable land reclamation

    Non-affirmative Theory of Education as a Foundation for Curriculum Studies, Didaktik and Educational Leadership

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    This chapter presents non-affirmative theory of education as the foundation for a new research program in education, allowing us to bridge educational leadership, curriculum studies and Didaktik. We demonstrate the strengths of this framework by analyzing literature from educational leadership and curriculum theory/didaktik. In contrast to both socialization-oriented explanations locating curriculum and leadership within existing society, and transformation-oriented models viewing education as revolutionary or super-ordinate to society, non-affirmative theory explains the relation between education and politics, economy and culture, respectively, as non-hierarchical. Here critical deliberation and discursive practices mediate between politics, culture, economy and education, driven by individual agency in historically developed cultural and societal institutions. While transformative and socialization models typically result in instrumental notions of leadership and teaching, non-affirmative education theory, previously developed within German and Nordic education, instead views leadership and teaching as relational and hermeneutic, drawing on ontological core concepts of modern education: recognition; summoning to self-activity and Bildsamkeit. Understanding educational leadership, school development and teaching then requires a comparative multi-level approach informed by discursive institutionalism and organization theory, in addition to theorizing leadership and teaching as cultural-historical and critical-hermeneutic activity. Globalisation and contemporary challenges to deliberative democracy also call for rethinking modern nation-state based theorizing of education in a cosmopolitan light. Non-affirmative education theory allows us to understand and promote recognition based democratic citizenship (political, economical and cultural) that respects cultural, ethical and epistemological variations in a globopolitan era. We hope an American-European-Asian comparative dialogue is enhanced by theorizing education with a non-affirmative approach

    Vision de chercheur, de clinicien ou de forcenĂ© de l’autisme? Laurent Mottron crĂ©e sa mĂ©thode ICI

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    Une premiĂšre partie de cet article recense le livre rĂ©cent de Laurent Mottron, L’intervention prĂ©coce pour enfants autistes. L’idĂ©e porteuse de ce livre est que l’intelligence des autistes les sauve et que l’aide apportĂ©e en bas-Ăąge doit se limiter Ă  favoriser l’éclosion de cette intelligence et son dĂ©ploiement. La recension constate qu’il s’agit non de science, mais de pseudo-science. Une seconde partie de l’article rĂ©tablit la bonne perspective : l’autisme est un dĂ©rĂšglement du psychique Ă  gĂ©omĂ©trie variable qui appelle une intervention directe, formelle, explicite, transformatrice. L’analyse appliquĂ©e du comportement demeure la meilleure source pour cette intervention prĂ©coce.Laurent Mottron’s recent book on early chilhood autism promotes the idea of autism as a new form of intelligence and limits early intervention to be a no-directive form of support to this intelligence development. The whole concept appears to be grounded in a pseudo-scientific perspective and lacks the fundamentals of a data-based, scientific theory

    L’inclusion scolaire des enfants autistes

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    L’intĂ©gration des enfants atteints d’un trouble envahissant du dĂ©veloppement (TED) en classe « ordinaire », notamment celle des enfants de moyen ou de bas niveau de fonctionnement, n’est pas une problĂ©matique trĂšs Ă©tudiĂ©e. Une premiĂšre raison de cet Ă©tat de choses tient Ă  la prĂ©dominance en milieu scolaire du modĂšle TEACCH reposant sur la formule de la classe spĂ©ciale. De plus, les Ă©tudes sur le mainstreaming des enfants handicapĂ©s par l’autisme font souvent partie de recherches sur l’intĂ©gration des Ă©lĂšves prĂ©sentant un retard mental; les deux clientĂšles sont alors assimilĂ©es l’une Ă  l’autre. Toutefois, en dĂ©pit de leurs difficultĂ©s propres, les enfants autistes, sous certaines conditions, bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’intĂ©gration. L’une de ces conditions concerne le degrĂ© d’adaptation du programme de la classe requis par l’enfant. Une autre concerne les enseignants d’intĂ©gration : ils doivent recevoir une formation. Il faut aussi prĂ©parer l’enfant Ă  cette expĂ©rience par un programme d’intervention prĂ©coce intensive. Des mesures d’accompagnement sont Ă©galement requises, une fois l’intĂ©gration faite dans la classe ordinaire. Ce texte dĂ©crit les pratiques qui ont cours en AmĂ©rique du Nord.Integration of children on the Autistic Spectrum Disorder into their regular neighborhood classrooms has not been extensively studied. The predominant special class TEACCH model is partly responsible for that state of things. Additionally, these children when functioning at low or middle levels are often regrouped with mentally retarded students; they are not then looked at as a separated entity in the mainstreaming literature. Nevertheless, inclusion of children with the autistic condition has been successfully practiced in a few settings. This article focused on such an experience. Conditions for inclusion to be profitable are identified. One of them, the adaptation of the regular curriculum, is a must. Teachers' training is another issue. Thirdly, the child has to be adequately prepared by intensive preschool behavioral intervention to become task-oriented, to communicate and socialize. Finally, inclusion requires shadow servicing in the regular setting. The article reports on North America practices of inclusion

    Racine : Théùtre et émotion

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    Ce numĂ©ro 42 de Coulisses contient un dossier d’articles sur Racine, portant notamment sur la dramaturgie racinienne, l’accueil critique de La ThĂ©baĂŻde aux XVIIIe et XIXe siĂšcles, mais Ă©galement sur Andromaque, Athalie et Mithridate. Une belle analyse de l’iconographie des illustrations illustrĂ©es La ThĂ©baĂŻde, Britannicus et Mithridate, ainsi qu’une interview du metteur en scĂšne GwenaĂ«l Morin viennent complĂ©ter cette rĂ©flexion sur « Racine : thĂ©Ăątre et Ă©motion ». La section Varia propose un article de thĂ©Ăątre/danse sur le spectacle crĂ©Ă© par HĂ©lĂšne Harmat Ă  Hambourg en 2010, Oh pardon j’étais dans d’autres sphĂšres. Il est suivi de comptes rendus de spectacles : RomĂ©o et Juliette de Guillaume Dujardin par David Ball, Les Indes dansantes de Nathalie Pernette et HervĂ© Niquet par Karine BĂ©nac. Un hommage Ă  Philippe Baron par Lucile Garbagnati prĂ©cĂšde le premier inĂ©dit d’une sĂ©rie consacrĂ©e aux dramaturges antillais : Pater familias de GaĂ«l Octavia

    Histoire du livre et de l’imprimĂ© au Canada, Volume II

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    Entre 1840 et 1918, l’imprimĂ© et le livre, qui avaient dĂ©jĂ  contribuĂ© Ă  l’élaboration de l’histoire et de l’identitĂ© du peuple canadien, deviennent dĂ©sormais les mĂ©dias de communication prĂ©dominants. Plus que jamais la culture de l’imprimĂ© participe aux transformations qui mĂ©tamorphoseront la colonie en vĂ©ritable État, unifiant les peuples qui le composent. C’est cette synergie qui constituera l’un des aspects historiques et culturels les plus fascinants de cette pĂ©riode qui est au centre de ce deuxiĂšme volume de l’Histoire du livre et de l’imprimĂ© au Canada. L’expansion du territoire canadien grĂące Ă  l’immigration massive, sa traversĂ©e par le chemin de fer et par la tĂ©lĂ©graphie renouvellent entiĂšrement la dynamique de l’imprimĂ©, de Terre-Neuve Ă  Dawson City. AprĂšs 1880, l’imprimĂ© de masse voit le jour grĂące Ă  la nouvelle technologie qui permet d’imprimer plus rapidement et Ă  moindre coĂ»t, et grĂące Ă  la constitution de nouveaux marchĂ©s desservis par les librairies. Du missel au journal en passant par le livre de recette, le catalogue d’Eaton et l’almanach, les Canadiens sont dorĂ©navant en contact quotidien avec cet objet matĂ©riel qu’est l’imprimĂ©. Dans ce contexte, l’auteur Ă©merge lentement, soutenu par un marchĂ© de distribution Ă  l’échelle nord-amĂ©ricaine, par un nombre croissant de bibliothĂšques publiques et par des droits conquis pour la protection de son Ɠuvre et sa diffusion
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