Evidencing the chemical degradation of a hydrophilized pes ultrafiltration membrane despite protein fouling

International audienceHydrophilisation of polyethersulfone (PES) based membrane is often achieved by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) leading to a physical blend of the two polymers. This paper shows that the most commonly used membrane for UF in dairy industry is a PES/PVP based one. Nevertheless if hydrophilisation limits the organic fouling, PVP is also the Achilles heel of these membranes. It is particularly true when membranes are exposed to hypochlorite as it is the case for cleaning/disinfection steps. Evidencing the disappearance of PVP from a pristine PES/PVP membrane can be easily achieved by FTIR-ATR analyses. But when one wants to study the ageing of a membrane used in UF it gets more complicated: regardless of the cleaning efficiency the membrane always remains fouled by some proteins. As both PVP and proteins own chemical bounds leading to absorption at the same wavenumber in FTIR-ATR, it thereby prevents the easy highlighting of the PVP degradation. The aim of this paper is to propose a simple treatment of raw FTIR-ATR spectra to dissociate these two contributions, allowing consequently the study of the degradation of a fouled membrane. Then the procedure is applied to a real case study on a spiral membrane

Variation des taux sériques de marqueurs d'intégrité neuronale et de l'inflammation de sujets alcoolo-dépendants après sevrage.

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Serum inflammatory molecules and markers of neuronal damage in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal.

International audienceOur aim is to describe changes in serum concentration for the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and MCP-1, for the satiety factor leptin and for factors associated with neuronal changes, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial activation S100-beta protein (S100-β), and explore their association with abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal.Serum sampling and clinical assessments from 115 alcohol-dependent subjects admitted to a psychiatric hospital for alcohol were repeated during the first 48 h of withdrawal (M0) and 1, 2, 4 and 6 months (M1, M2, M4 and M6) thereafter. Serum factors were determined with Luminex technology or by ELISA.The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, and leptin decreased after withdrawal and remained low until M6, regardless of alcohol consumption. IFN-γ levels remained constant and IL-10 levels changed only slightly. NSE levels were not modified, whereas serum S100-β concentration increased significantly on M1 and then plateaued, regardless of abstinence status at 6 months.Alcohol-dependent subjects present an inflammatory condition that is not dependent on alcohol consumption. An understanding of the changes in concentration of the various proteins considered here would provide insight into the physiology of withdrawal or dependence

Factors for Maintaining Abstinence at 2 and 6 Months After Alcohol Withdrawal

International audienceObjectives: Relapse rates in subjects with an alcohol use disorder who have undergone alcohol detoxification are high, and risk factors vary according to the studied population and the context in which withdrawal occurred. Subjects being treated in psychiatric settings require increased monitoring at the moment of detoxification and during follow-up. It is thus important to identify specific risk factors for relapse in such patients. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with maintenance of abstinence 2 months after alcohol withdrawal (M2) and to characterize factors associated with later relapses 6 months after withdrawal (M6) among those who were abstainers at M2. Methods: We conducted an ancillary study of a specific psychiatric cohort of subjects with an alcohol use disorder who were followed after withdrawal, by analyzing clinical and biological data collected at M2 and M6. Results: The specific factors predictive of future relapse were age, intensity of craving, number of standard glasses consumed, psychiatric comorbidity (depression), and employment and family/marital status. Substance use (other than the use of tobacco) decreased the likelihood of abstinence at M2, whereas a depressive state at the time of alcohol withdrawal increased the likelihood of abstinence at M2. Consumption of other substances and a greater intensity of craving at the time of alcohol withdrawal decreased the likelihood of abstinence at M6. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the importance of identifying craving, multiple substance use, and psychiatric comorbidities (depression) during comprehensive interviews in follow-up after alcohol withdrawal. In caring for patients after alcohol detoxification, priority should be given to factors that have been shown to enhance the beneficial effects of abstinence, such as mood enhancement

Serum inflammatory molecules and markers of neuronal damage in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal.

International audienceOur aim is to describe changes in serum concentration for the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and MCP-1, for the satiety factor leptin and for factors associated with neuronal changes, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial activation S100-beta protein (S100-β), and explore their association with abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal.Serum sampling and clinical assessments from 115 alcohol-dependent subjects admitted to a psychiatric hospital for alcohol were repeated during the first 48 h of withdrawal (M0) and 1, 2, 4 and 6 months (M1, M2, M4 and M6) thereafter. Serum factors were determined with Luminex technology or by ELISA.The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, and leptin decreased after withdrawal and remained low until M6, regardless of alcohol consumption. IFN-γ levels remained constant and IL-10 levels changed only slightly. NSE levels were not modified, whereas serum S100-β concentration increased significantly on M1 and then plateaued, regardless of abstinence status at 6 months.Alcohol-dependent subjects present an inflammatory condition that is not dependent on alcohol consumption. An understanding of the changes in concentration of the various proteins considered here would provide insight into the physiology of withdrawal or dependence

Evolution of BDNF serum levels during the first six months after alcohol withdrawal

International audienceObjectives: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) has been associated with alcohol dependence and appear to vary after withdrawal, although the link with the withdrawal outcome on the long term is unknown. We aimed to assess the evolution of BDNF levels during the six months following withdrawal and determine the association with the status of alcohol consumption. Methods: Serum BDNF levels of alcohol-dependent patients (n = 248) and biological and clinical parameters were determined at the time of alcohol cessation (D0), 14 days (D14), 28 days (D28), and 2, 4, and 6 months after (M2, M4, M6). Results: Abstinence decreased during follow-up and was 31.9% after six months. BDNF levels increased by 14 days after withdrawal and remained elevated throughout the six-month period, independently of alcohol consumption. Serum BDNF levels evolved over time (p < 0.0001), with a correlation between BDNF and GGT levels. The prescription of baclofen at the time of withdrawal was associated with higher serum BDNF levels throughout the follow-up and that of anti-inflammatory drugs with lower BDNF levels. Conclusions: A link between BDNF levels, liver function, and the inflammatory state in the context of alcohol abuse and not only with alcohol dependence itself is proposed

Sensory processing in depression: Assessment and intervention perspective

Few studies have examined sensory processing in mood disorders, including depression. The interactions between sensory inputs and adaptive behaviour have yet to be clarified in this pathology. We assessed sensory profiles among people with major depressive disorder (MDD) with the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile scale and determined whether sensory processing patterns were associated with clinical variables such as anxiety, depression, psychomotor retardation or self-esteem. We compared 25 participants with MDD (MDD group) and 25 healthy controls (HC group) to identify sensory processing patterns (low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity and sensation avoiding). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation scale were used to assess depressive symptomatology. Both groups completed the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Frontal Assessment Battery and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory. The MDD group significantly differed from the HC group in each sensory processing patterns. They had higher low registration (p < 0.001), sensory sensitivity (p < 0.001) and sensation avoidance (p < 0.001) and lower sensation seeking (p = 0.005) than HC. Extreme sensory processing patterns in MDD patients were linked to depressive symptomatology, including anxiety. Sensory processing disorders should be assessed and taken into account when developing nondrug treatment strategies

Comparison of withdrawal symptom intensity between hypnosis and nicotine-replacement-therapies: A pilot study

International audienceSmoking cessation is a global public health issue. Nicotine dependence is a dynamic process that is not limited to physical dependence. Hypnosis can be helpful in the global management of smoking cessation. We explored this effect by comparing the effects of hypnosis and nicotine-replacement therapies (NRT) on tobacco withdrawal.Thirty participants were included in this comparative-randomized pilot study in parallel controlled groups after ethical validation. Participants were recruited by a general practitioner and had standardized consultations with addiction and hypnosis specialists and adapted treatment. The evolution of withdrawal symptoms was compared using the Cigarette Withdrawal Scale-21 for one month after smoking cessation in an adult tobacco-addict population wishing to stop smoking and receiving either NRT or hypnosis, both supported by motivational interviews. Craving intensity (French version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire), nicotine dependence (Fagerström), tobacco consumption, anxiety (Hamilton scale), and depression (Montgomery-Asberg scale) were also evaluated. Hypnosis appeared to have an influence on reducing the number of smoked cigarettes, whereas NRT appeared to influence markers of both physical and psychic dependence. A complementarity of hypnosis and NRT may be a viable therapeutic alternative to reduce the intensity of withdrawal symptoms after voluntary smoking cessation. A study on a larger population with a longer follow-up is needed to assess the advantages of each method to quit smoking

Contribution a l'étude des mécanismes immunopathogéniques de l'atteinte neurologique de la trypanosomose humaine africaineTexte imprimé

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Caractérisation du trouble de l'usage de l'alcool : approche bio-psycho-sociale

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