Estudios geotécnicos para edificaciones de 301m2 construidos y menos de cuatro plantas

Since the entry into force of the CTE, we find ourselves with the �interpretation� that make some companies of geotechnical when defining mandatory work to small buildings. These budgets include as C1 those smaller 4-storey constructions and occupation on ground surface < 300 m², but built more than 300 m². This theory add surfaces constructed, instead of posting the occupation on the ground surface, is underway at the ambiguity of the norm, generating a cataloguing of more building, and not a work of higher quality or reliability. We believe that the review that this article of the basic document (CTE) SE-C, justifies that the correct interpretation of this surface is that of occupation on floor of the building and not the sum of the surfaces of each plant.Desde la entrada en vigor del CTE, nos encontramos con la �interpretación� que hacen algunas empresas de geotécnica a la hora de definir los trabajos obligatorios a realizar para pequeñas edificaciones. Estos presupuestos engloban como construcciones C1 aquellas menores de 4 plantas y con superficie de ocupación en planta < 300 m², pero construida mayor de 300 m². Esta teoría de sumar superficies construidas, en vez de contabilizar la superficie de ocupación en planta, se está realizando ante la ambigüedad de la norma, generando una catalogación de la edificación mayor, y no por ello un trabajo de mayor calidad o fiabilidad. Consideramos que la revisión que este artículo hace del Documento Básico (C.T.E.) SE-C, justifica que la correcta interpretación de dicha superficie es la de ocupación en planta del edificio y no la suma de las superficies de cada planta

Homomorphisms and congruences on regular semigroups with associate inverse subsemigroups

An associate inverse subsemigroup of a regular semigroup S is a subsemi- group T of S containing a least associate x* of each x in S, in relation to the natural partial order <. In [1] the authors describe the structure of regular semigroups with an associate inverse subsemigroup, satisfying two natural conditions. In this paper we describe all *-homomorphisms and all *-congruences on such semigroups.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Educational differences in smoking: international comparison

OBJECTIVE: To investigate international variations in smoking associated with educational level. DESIGN: International comparison of national health, or similar, surveys. SUBJECTS: Men and women aged 20 to 44 years and 45 to 74 years. SETTING: 12 European countries, around 1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative differences (odds ratios) and absolute differences in the prevalence of ever smoking and current smoking for men and women in each age group by educational level. RESULTS: In the 45 to 74 year age group, higher rates of current and ever smoking among lower educated subjects were found in some countries only. Among women this was found in Great Britain, Norway, and Sweden, whereas an opposite pattern, with higher educated women smoking more, was found in southern Europe. Among men a similar north-south pattern was found but it was less noticeable than among women. In the 20 to 44 year age group, educational differences in smoking were generally greater than in the older age group, and smoking rates were higher among lower educated people in most countries. Among younger women, a similar north-south pattern was found as among older women. Among younger men, large educational differences in smoking were found for northern European as well as for southern European countries, except for Portugal. CONCLUSIONS: These international variations in social gradients in smoking, which are likely to be related to differences between countries in their stage of the smoking epidemic, may have contributed to the socioeconomic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease being greater in northern European countries. The observed age patterns suggest that socioeconomic differences in diseases related to smoking will increase in the coming decades in many European countries

A polyketide macrolactone synthase from the filamentous fungus Gibberella zeae

Resorcylic acid lactones represent a unique class of fungal polyketides and display a wide range of biological activities, such as nanomolar inhibitors of Hsp90 and MAP kinase. The biosynthesis of these compounds is proposed to involve two fungal polyketide synthases (PKS) that function collaboratively to yield a 14-membered macrolactone with a resorcylate core. We report here the reconstitution of Gibberella zeae PKS13, which is the nonreducing PKS associated with zearalenone biosynthesis. Using a small molecule mimic of the natural hexaketide starter unit, we reconstituted the entire repertoire of PKS13 activities in vitro, including starter-unit selection, iterative condensation, regioselective C2–C7 cyclization, and macrolactone formation. PKS13 synthesized both natural 14-membered and previously uncharacterized 16-membered resorcylic acid lactones, indicating relaxed control in both iterative elongation and macrocyclization. PKS13 exhibited broad starter-unit specificities toward fatty acyl-CoAs ranging in sizes between C6 and C16 and displayed the highest activity toward decanoyl-CoA. PKS13 was shown to be active in Escherichia coli and synthesized numerous alkyl pyrones and alkyl resorcylic esters without exogenously supplied precursors. We demonstrated that PKS13 can interact with E. coli fatty acid biosynthetic machinery and can be primed with fatty-acyl ACPp at low-micromolar concentrations. PKS13 synthesized new polyketides in E. coli when the culture was supplemented with synthetic precursors, showcasing its utility in precursor-directed biosynthesis. PKS13 is therefore a highly versatile polyketide macrolactone synthase that is useful in the engineered biosynthesis of polyketides, including resorcylic acid lactones that are not found in nature