4,989 research outputs found
Parity breaking signatures from a Chern-Simons coupling during inflation: the case of non-Gaussian gravitational waves
Considering high-energy modifications of Einstein gravity during inflation is
an interesting issue. We can constrain the strength of the new gravitational
terms through observations of inflationary imprints in the actual universe. In
this paper we analyze the effects on slow-roll models due to a Chern-Simons
term coupled to the inflaton field through a generic coupling function
. A well known result is the polarization of primordial gravitational
waves (PGW) into left and right eigenstates, as a consequence of parity
breaking. In such a scenario the modifications to the power spectrum of PGW are
suppressed under the conditions that allow to avoid the production of ghost
gravitons at a certain energy scale, the so-called Chern-Simons mass .
In general it has been recently pointed out that there is very little hope to
efficiently constrain chirality of PGW on the basis solely of two-point
statistics from future CMB data, even in the most optimistic cases. Thus we
search if significant parity breaking signatures can arise at least in the
bispectrum statistics. We find that the tensor-tensor-scalar bispectra for each polarization state are the only ones that
are not suppressed. Their amplitude, setting the level of parity breaking
during inflation, is proportional to the second derivative of the coupling
function and they turn out to be maximum in the squeezed limit. We
comment on the squeezed-limit consistency relation arising in the case of
chiral gravitational waves, and on possible observables to constrain these
signatures.Comment: 31 pages, 1 figure. V3: references added; typos correcte
Market Equilibrium in the Presence of Green Consumers and Responsible Firms: a Comparative Statics Analysis
This paper analyzes how the interaction between green consumers and responsible firms affects the market equilibrium. The main result is that a higher responsibility by both producers and consumers can have different impacts on the efficiency of the firms' abatement activity, depending on the nature of the cleaning costs. When the abatement costs are fixed, the efficiency of the clean-up effort is always increasing in their degree of responsibility. On the other hand, when the abatement costs are variable, a higher level of responsibility may reduce social welfare. Finally, the first best allocation is never reached, even in the presence of the highest credible level of responsibility of both consumers and producers.Green Consumers, Corporate Social Responsibility, Vertical Differentiation
Market Equilibrium in the Presence of Green Consumers and Responsible Firms: A Comparative Statics Analysis
This paper analyzes how the interaction between green consumers and responsible firms affects the market equilibrium. The main result is that a higher responsibility by both producers and consumers can have different impacts on the efficiency of the firms’ abatement activity, depending on the nature of the cleaning costs. When the abatement costs are fixed, the efficiency of the clean-up effort is always increasing in their degree of responsibility. On the other hand, when the abatement costs are variable, a higher level of responsibility may reduce social welfare. Finally, the first best allocation is never reached, even in the presence of the highest credible level of responsibility of both consumers and producers.Green Consumers, Corporate Social Responsibility, Vertical Differentiation
Measuring chiral gravitational waves in Chern-Simons gravity with CMB bispectra
Chern-Simons gravity coupled to the scalar sector through a generic coupling
function can be tested at the very high energies of the inflationary
period. In 1706.04627, we computed the theoretical parity breaking signatures
of the primordial bispectrum which mixes
two gravitons and one scalar curvature perturbation. We defined a parameter
which measures the level of parity breaking of the corresponding
bispectrum. In this work we forecast the expected error on
using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) angular bispectra. We find that,
given the angular resolution of an experiment like , is
detectable via the measurement of or angular bispectra if the
tensor-to-scalar ratio . We also show that, from the theoretical
point of view, can be greater than . Thus, our conclusion is that
or CMB angular bispectra can become an essential observable for
testing Chern-Simons gravity in the primordial universe.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure; version matching publication in JCA
Competitive reaction modelling in aqueous systems. The case of contemporary reduction of dichromates and nitrates by nZVI
In various Countries, Cr(VI) still represents one of the groundwater pollutant of major concern, mainly due to its high toxicity, furthermore enhanced by the synergic effect in presence of other contaminants. As widely reported in the recent literature, nanoscale zero valent iron particles (nZVI-p) have been proved to be particularly effective in the removal of a wide range of contaminants from polluted waters. In this work, experimental tests of hexavalent chromium reduction in polluted groundwater in the presence of nitrate by nZVI-p are presented and discussed. The effect of different nitrate amounts on Cr(VI) reduction mechanism was investigated and the obtained results were successfully interpreted by the proposed kinetic model. nZVI-p produced by the classical borohydride reduction method were added in to synthetic solutions with the initial concentration of Cr(VI) set at 93, 62 and 31 mg L-1 and different nitrate contents in the range 10-100 mg L-1. According to the experimental results, nitrate showed an adverse effect on Cr(VI) reduction, depending on the nZVI/Cr(VI) and Cr(VI)/NO3 - ratio. The proposed kinetic model soundly grasps the competitive nature of the Cr(VI) reduction process when other chemical species are present in the treated solution
Production of nano zero valent iron particles by means of a spinning disk reactor
Nitrates are considered hazard compounds for human health due to their tendency to be reduced to nitrites, in particular in reducing environment. Nano zero valent iron (nZVI) represents an efficient and low-cost adsorbent/reductive agent for nitrate removal from groundwater. In this work, nZVI particles were produced by means of two different equipment types based on the same chemical synthesis method: a batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR) and a spinning disk reactor (SDR). This latter apparatus is capable to strongly promote micromixing at a steady-state, continuous condition, and such as qualifies to subsist in the framework of process intensification. Particle size distribution (PSD) of the obtained nZVI particles were measured by a DLS technique. The removal efficiency of the produced nVI particles were checked by using two NO3-solutions (1.6 and 6.4 mM) and by monitoring nitrate concentration reduction rates at selected time intervals. Results showed that the nZVI particles produced by SDR have a narrow PSD with a mean diameter of 65nm; on the contrary, particles produced by BSTR shows bimodal PSD with modal sizes of 105 nm and 400 nm, respectively. Experimental tests of nitrates reduction in water have been performed, using both the particles produced by the above mentioned techniques. Results of batch tests showed that the highest removal efficiency of nitrates was observed by using the nZVI particles produced by means of SDR, as a consequence of the higher average specific surface. Since nitrate removal process involves both reduction and adsorption processes, the removal mechanism has been investigated, and the pseudo-first-order reduction kinetic model was successfully tested and reported in both cases
Co-manipulation of soft-materials estimating deformation from depth images
Human-robot co-manipulation of soft materials, such as fabrics, composites,
and sheets of paper/cardboard, is a challenging operation that presents several
relevant industrial applications. Estimating the deformation state of the
co-manipulated material is one of the main challenges. Viable methods provide
the indirect measure by calculating the human-robot relative distance. In this
paper, we develop a data-driven model to estimate the deformation state of the
material from a depth image through a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).
First, we define the deformation state of the material as the relative
roto-translation from the current robot pose and a human grasping position. The
model estimates the current deformation state through a Convolutional Neural
Network, specifically a DenseNet-121 pretrained on ImageNet.The delta between
the current and the desired deformation state is fed to the robot controller
that outputs twist commands. The paper describes the developed approach to
acquire, preprocess the dataset and train the model. The model is compared with
the current state-of-the-art method based on a skeletal tracker from cameras.
Results show that our approach achieves better performances and avoids the
various drawbacks caused by using a skeletal tracker.Finally, we also studied
the model performance according to different architectures and dataset
dimensions to minimize the time required for dataset acquisitionComment: Pre-print, submitted to Journal of Intelligent Manufacturin
Transcriptome dynamics in the asexual cycle of the chordate Botryllus schlosseri
Background: We performed an analysis of the transcriptome during the blastogenesis of the chordate Botryllus
schlosseri, focusing in particular on genes involved in cell death by apoptosis. The tunicate B. schlosseri is an ascidian
forming colonies characterized by the coexistence of three blastogenetic generations: filter-feeding adults, buds on
adults, and budlets on buds. Cyclically, adult tissues undergo apoptosis and are progressively resorbed and replaced
by their buds originated by asexual reproduction. This is a feature of colonial tunicates, the only known chordates
that can reproduce asexually.
Results: Thanks to a newly developed web-based platform (http://botryllus.cribi.unipd.it), we compared the
transcriptomes of the mid-cycle, the pre-take-over, and the take-over phases of the colonial blastogenetic
cycle. The platform is equipped with programs for comparative analysis and allows to select the statistical
stringency. We enriched the genome annotation with 11,337 new genes; 581 transcripts were resolved as
complete open reading frames, translated in silico into amino acid sequences and then aligned onto the
non-redundant sequence database. Significant differentially expressed genes were classified within the gene
ontology categories. Among them, we recognized genes involved in apoptosis activation, de-activation, and
regulation.
Conclusions: With the current work, we contributed to the improvement of the first released B. schlosseri
genome assembly and offer an overview of the transcriptome changes during the blastogenetic cycle,
showing up- and down-regulated genes. These results are important for the comprehension of the events
underlying colony growth and regression, cell proliferation, colony homeostasis, and competition among
different generations
Photon-graviton scattering: A new way to detect anisotropic gravitational waves?
Gravitons are the quantum counterparts of gravitational waves in low-energy
theories of gravity. Using Feynman rules one can compute scattering amplitudes
describing the interaction between gravitons and other fields. Here, we
consider the interaction between gravitons and photons. Using the quantum
Boltzmann equation formalism, we derive fully general equations describing the
radiation transfer of photon polarization, due to the forward scattering with
gravitons. We show that the Q and U photon linear polarization modes couple
with the V photon circular polarization mode, if gravitons have anisotropies in
their power-spectrum statistics. As an example, we apply our results to the
case of primordial gravitons, considering models of inflation where an
anisotropic primordial graviton distribution is produced. Finally, we evaluate
the effect on cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization, showing that in
general the expected effects on the observable CMB frequencies are very small.
However, our result is promising, since it could provide a novel tool for
detecting anisotropic backgrounds of gravitational waves, as well as for
getting further insight on the physics of gravitational waves.Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure. v2: references added, typos corrected, replaced
to match published version in PR
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