Chemical Composition of the Fruits of Several Apple Cultivars Growth as Biological Crop

To obtain a better quality of fruits and to adapt to the requirements of consumers needs, the researchers regard the content of fruits attentively, especially the content of sugar, vitamins and mineral substances. The aims of the research were to test ten apple cultivars from the point of view of sugars, water content, proteins, acidity, vitamin C and also mineral elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe. Results obtain for sugars show a higher content of sugar between 9.53 and 12.34%. The higher sugar content was registered for H3/73 hybrid (12.34%). Total acidity (%) falls between 0.127 and 0.345%, a small content registered at all cultivars determining a good quality of fruits and a good taste. The highest value was obtained for Jonathan apple variety. Vitamin C varied between 25.75 and 77 mg/100g. Mutzu and Jonathan cultivars registered the highest value for vitamin C. Mineral elements, respectively macro elements N, P and K varied within the apple varieties. Total nitrogen form varied between 0.67 and 0.111 %, phosphorous between 0.15 and 0.235 % and potassium between 0.40 and 0.75 %. The values for Ca varied between 2.5 and 7.8 mg/100g and Fe between 0.2 and 0.28 mg/100g. The atmosphere and soil in the studied zone of apple culture were unpolluted, so there was no risk of food contamination. The chemical values of fruits showed a higher content of mineral elements and also a good quality for the products obtained from the apple industry, so the apple production could be used in obtaining juice and pulp without any risk of illness

Tree and Fruit Characteristics of Various Apple Genotypes Obtained through Mutagenesis

Apple seeds treated with variable intensity doses of irradiation produce alterations of apple heredity, which are generally characterized by the reduction of tree vigour, change of fructification type, crop capacity, fruit shape, colour and biochemical fruit content. Morphological and productive features of trees derived through mutagenesis and fruit quality were studied on twelve apple genotypes, using Jonathan and Golden Delicious cultivars as control. The analysis of apple genotypes growing potential obtained through mutagenesis showed that there were significant differences in the tree height, trunk diameter, crown diameter and fructification type among the apple trees. Several genotypes (G-1/7, G-1/8, G-3/123, G-4/131, G-9/11) were registered with a high content of total nitrogen and protein in the fruits and G-9/11 genotype had the highest content of phosphorus (0.408%). Genotypes G-4/101 and G-4/131 accumulated a high quantity of nitrates, over the maximum admitted levels of 60 ppm NO3- for fresh fruits. Cu and Zn contents were low, under the maximum admitted limits