29 research outputs found

    Feedback stabilisation of pool-boiling systems : for application in thermal management schemes

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    The research scope of this thesis is the stabilisation of unstable states in a pool-boiling system. Thereto, a compact mathematical model is employed. Pool-boiling systems serve as physical model for practical applications of boiling heat transfer in industry. Boiling has advantages over conventional heat-transfer methods based on air- or single-phase liquids by enabling extremely high heat-transfer rates at isothermal conditions. This o¿ers solutions to thermal issues emerging in cutting-edge technologies as semi-conductor manufacturing and electric vehicles (EVs). Continuous miniaturisation in micro-electronics is pushing heat-¿ux densities beyond the limits of standard cooling schemes and growing architecture complexity makes thermal uniformity during chip manufacturing increasingly critical. Further development of EVs may bene¿t equally from boiling heat transfer by its utilisation for actuator cooling and thermal conditioning of battery packs. A pool-boiling system consists of a heater that is submerged in a pool of boiling liquid. The theater is the to-be-cooled device (or a thermally conducting element between the device and the boiling liquid) and is heated at its bottom. On top of the heater, heat is extracted by the boiling liquid. In order to exploit boiling to its fullest e¿ciency, unstable modes need to be stabilised to avoid the formation of a thermally-insulating vapour ¿lm on the heater that causes collapse of the cooling capacity and that heralds a dangerous and ine¿cient mode of boiling. The pool-boiling model comprises a partial di¿erential equation (PDE), i.e. the well- known heat equation, and corresponding boundary conditions that represent adiabatic sidewalls, a uniform heat supply at the bottom, and a nonuniform and nonlinear heat extraction at the heater top. This nonlinear boundary condition renders the entire model nonlinear, resulting in multiple equilibria and complex and exciting dynamics. Restriction to uniform temperature distributions within the heater admits description by a model of one spatial dimension (1D). The 1D model is investigated mathematically and the results are compared with those found by the analyses of spatial-discretisations of the model. Two spatial-discretisation schemes, based on a ¿nite-di¿erence method and a spectral method, are investigated. The latter shows far better convergence properties than the former. Moreover, application of full state feedback of the spectral modes (modal control) results in signi¿cantly better properties than by regulation via standard P-control. In practical applications, the heater temperature can only be measured at the heater top. Consequently, an observer is implemented that estimates the spectral modes of the temperature within the heater, which are subsequently used in the feedback-law. The e¿ciency and performance of this controller-observer combination is examined by numerical simulations. A pool-boiling system with an electrically heated wire as heater can be represented by the model as described above, but now with two spatial dimensions (2D). The 2D model can be analysed mathematically only for uniform equilibria, i.e. the equilibria that exist also for the 1D system. For nonuniform equilibria, the mathematical analysis becomes too complex and a spatial discretisation is required to obtain results. A 1D characteristic equation on the ¿uid-heater interface can be obtained by analytical reduction of the 2D eigenvalue problem using the method of separation of variables. The system poles follow from spatially discretising this equation. Because of its outstanding performance for the 1D model, the 2D model is again stabilised by a modal controller (full state feedback) in combination with an observer. Simulations are again performed to determine the e¿ciency of the controller-observer combination. If a thermally conducting foil is considered as heater, the three-dimensional (3D) form of the model must be investigated. This involves essentially the same methodology as described above, resulting in a 2D characteristic equation on the ¿uid-heater interface. However, spatial discretisation of this equation yields large system matrices and requires excessive calculation times. Hence, the 3D system is analysed only at moderate discretisation orders. The above modal control strategy is, as before, applied in combination with an observer to stabilise unstable equilibria and the evolution of the nonlinear system is again investigated and demonstrated by way of simulations. Finally, a series of exploratory experiments, to investigate the application of pool-boiling to thermally condition battery cells in EVs, is considered. Experiments are performed to investigate the ability for thermal homogenisation of the boiling process and the ability to manipulate the boiling process via the pressure in the boiling chamber. Furthermore, the application of pool-boiling to overcome thermal issues in high-end technologies is investigated by numerical simulations

    Control of the ball on the wheel system

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    Boiling Heat Transfer in Battery Electric vehicles

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    In this paper the feedback stabilisation of a boiling-based cooling scheme is discussed. Application of such cooling schemes in practical setups is greatly limited by the formation of a thermally insulating vapour film on the to-be-cooled device, called burn-out. In this study a first step is made, to check the viability of such cooling systems, already used in high performance electronics, applied to Electric Vehicles (EVs). It can be used for instance for the cooling of high heat flux transistors and for the thermal homogenisation of battery packs. Thereto, the unstable transition to burn-out is stabilised by controlling the pressure inside the boiling chamber, with which boiling (and thus creation of the thermally insulating vapour film) can be stimulated or suppressed. The feedback law used to do this is based on the dominant modes of the temperature field of the thermally conducting element, i.e. the heater, between the device and the boiling liquid. As not all states used in this feedback law can be measured, an observer or "state-estimator" must be implemented in the control strategy. The observer is a copy of the nonlinear boiling model with an additional term to assure convergence of observer to system state. Simulations are performed to demonstrate controller efficiency on the nonlinear cooling device. This puts forth the boiling-based cooling scheme as viable for application in EVs, enabling increased cooling and thermal-homogenisation capacities compared to conventional thermal management methods. The nextstep should be experiments to proof the principle on battery cells/packs and high heat flux transistors

    Nutritional and reproductive strategies in a chemosymbiotic bivalve living in a tropical intertidal seagrass bed

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    Sulphide-oxidizing endosymbiont-bearing bivalves often dominate the infauna of seagrass-covered sediments, where they control sulphide levels and contribute to carbon cycling by feeding on chemosynthetically fixed carbon and suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM). Previous studies from temperate habitats suggest that SPOM availability may regulate growth and reproduction, since SPOM may be of greater nutritional value than the material provided by bacterial endosymbionts. To examine if changes in diet correlate with body condition and reproductive activity, we studied seasonal patterns in somatic and gonadal investment and gametogenic development in relation to nutrition in the endosymbiont-bearing bivalve Loripes lucinalis in seagrass-covered intertidal flats at a tropical study site (Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania). Carbon stable isotope analysis revealed clear seasonal cycles in the relative heterotrophic contribution to the diet of Loripes, with mean monthly values ranging from 21% in March to 39% in September. Seasonality was also observed for size-corrected body and somatic mass, both increasing from March to October, suggesting food limitation during winter. In contrast, Loripes exhibits a semiannual reproductive cycle characterized by major spawning events during both January-February and July-August. Growth and gametogenic development seem to especially require supplemental heterotrophic nutrition from June to January. Thus, the ability to shift to heterotrophic feeding contributes to growth, reproductive output and survival in Loripes, with downstream effects on population dynamics and seagrass functioning

    High titers and low fucosylation of early human anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG promote inflammation by alveolar macrophages

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    Patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) become critically ill primarily around the time of activation of the adaptive immune response. Here, we provide evidence that antibodies play a role in the worsening of disease at the time of seroconversion. We show that early-phase severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum of critically ill COVID-19 patients induces excessive inflammatory responses by human alveolar macrophages. We identified that this excessive inflammatory response is dependent on two antibody features that are specific for patients with severe COVID-19. First, inflammation is driven by high titers of anti-spike IgG, a hallmark of severe disease. Second, we found that anti-spike IgG from patients with severe COVID-19 is intrinsically more proinflammatory because of different glycosylation, particularly low fucosylation, of the antibody Fc tail. Low fucosylation of anti-spike IgG was normalized in a few weeks after initial infection with SARS-CoV-2, indicating that the increased antibody-dependent inflammation mainly occurs at the time of seroconversion. We identified Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R) Ila and FeyRIII as the two primary IgG receptors that are responsible for the induction of key COVID-19-associated cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor. In addition, we show that anti-spike IgG-activated human macrophages can subsequently break pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity and induce microvascular thrombosis in vitro. Last, we demonstrate that the inflammatory response induced by anti-spike IgG can be specifically counteracted by fostamatinib, an FDA- and EMA-approved therapeutic small-molecule inhibitor of Syk kinase.Proteomic

    Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity

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    Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are crucial for protection against invading pathogens. A highly conserved N-linked glycan within the IgG-Fc tail, which is essential for IgG function, shows variable composition in humans. Afucosylated IgG variants are already used in anticancer therapeutic antibodies for their increased activity through Fc receptors (Fc gamma RIIIa). Here, we report that afucosylated IgG (approximately 6% of total IgG in humans) are specifically formed against enveloped viruses but generally not against other antigens. This mediates stronger Fc gamma RIIIa responses but also amplifies brewing cytokine storms and immune-mediated pathologies. Critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not those with mild symptoms, had high concentrations of afucosylated IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amplifying proinflammatory cytokine release and acute phase responses. Thus, antibody glycosylation plays a critical role in immune responses to enveloped viruses, including COVID-19.Proteomic

    Two-component spike nanoparticle vaccine protects macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection

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    Brouwer et al. present preclinical evidence in support of a COVID-19 vaccine candidate, designed as a self-assembling two-component protein nanoparticle displaying multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which induces strong neutralizing antibody responses and protects from high-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge.The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is continuing to disrupt personal lives, global healthcare systems, and economies. Hence, there is an urgent need for a vaccine that prevents viral infection, transmission, and disease. Here, we present a two-component protein-based nanoparticle vaccine that displays multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Immunization studies show that this vaccine induces potent neutralizing antibody responses in mice, rabbits, and cynomolgus macaques. The vaccine-induced immunity protects macaques against a high-dose challenge, resulting in strongly reduced viral infection and replication i

    Boiling heat transfer in electric vehicles

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