An analysis of detrusor dynamics and urethral flow in the canine urinary tract, under obstructive and non-obstructive conditions

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-107).by Harish S. Lecamwasam.M.S

Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Pain and Inflammation in Functional Urological Disorders

The botulinum toxin has been widely applied in the treatment of functional urological diseases, such as overactive bladder, neurogenic detrusor overactivity, interstitial cystitis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Evidence has shown that the botulinum toxin not only affects the release of neuropeptides from motor nerve endings, but also connects sensory nerves to the central nervous system. Inflammation in the central nervous system can be reduced after botulinum toxin treatment. The scope of therapeutic targets involves detrusor overactivity, sensory disorders, bladder pain and pelvic pain, and inflammatory disorders of the bladder, prostate, and bladder outlet. Although the actual pathophysiological mechanism of the action of the botulinum toxin has not been completely demonstrated, an anti-inflammation effect might be the predominant therapeutic mechanism for functional urological disorders such as an overactive bladder, bladder hypersensitivity, interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, chronic prostatitis, and lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia. This Special Issue of Toxins covers the therapeutic potentials of the botulinum toxin on lower urinary tract dysfunctions, with emphasis on the mechanism of pharmacological action and clinical effects

Morphological and neurochemical characterization of sensory neurons and motorneurons innervating the urinary bladder tringone and urethral muscle in porcine

Il trigono della vescica urinaria (UBT) è un'area limitata attraverso la quale penetrano nella vescica la maggior parte dei vasi e fibre e in cui le fibre nervose e neuroni intramurali sono più concentrati. Mediante l’utilizzo combinato di un tracciante retrogrado(FB) e dell’immunoistochimica sono stati valutati il fenotipo e l’area del soma dei neuroni dei gangli spinali (DRG), dei neuroni post-gangliari, il fenotipo dei gangli della catena simpatica (STG) e i gangli mesenterici caudali (CMG) innervanti l’UBT. - Caratterizzazione dei neuroni dei DRG con: peptide correlato al gene della calcitonina (CGRP)(30±3%, 29±3%, rispettivamente), sostanza P(SP)(26±8%, 27±12%), ossido nitrico sintasi neuronale (nNOS)(21±4%; 26±7%), neurofilamento 200kDa (NF200)(75±14%, 81±7% ) , transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (TRPV1)(48±13%, 43±6%) e isolectina-B4-positivi (IB4) (56±6%;43±10%). I neuroni sensoriali, distribuiti da L2 a Ca1 (DRG), hanno presentato una localizzazione segmentale, mostrando maggior densità nei DRG L4-L5 e S2-S4. I neuroni sensoriali lombari sono risultati significativamente più grandi di quelle sacrali (1.112±624μm2 vs716±421μm2). Complessivamente, questi dati indicano che le vie lombari e sacrali probabilmente svolgono ruoli diversi nella trasmissione sensitiva del trigono della vescica urinaria. -I neuroni FB+ della STG e dei CMG sono risultati immunoreattivi per la tirosina idrossilasi (TH)(66±10,1%, 53±8,2%, rispettivamente), la dopamina beta-idrossilasi (DβH)(62±6,2%, 52±6,2%), neuropeptideY (NPY)(59±8%; 66±7%), CGRP(24±3%, 22±3%), SP(22±2%; 38±8%), polipeptide intestinale vasoattivo (VIP)(19±2%; 35±4%), nNOS(15±2%; 33±8%), trasportatore vescicolare dell'acetilcolina (VAChT)(15±2%; 35±5%), leu-encefalina (LENK)(14±7%; 26±9%), e somatostatina (SOM)(12±3%;32±7%).Il numero medio di neuroni FB+ (1845,1±259,3) era nella STG in L1-S3, con i pirenofori più piccoli (465,6±82.7μm2). Un gran numero (4287,5±1450,6) di neuroni FB+ di piccole dimensioni (476,1±103,9μm2) sono stati localizzati lungo il margine dei CMG. Il maggior numero (4793,3±1990,8) di neuroni FB + è stato osservato nel plesso pelvico, dove i neuroni marcati erano raggruppati in micro-gangli e con pirenoforo ancora più piccolo (374,9±85,4 μm2).The urinary bladder trigone (UBT) is a limited area through which the majority of vessels and nerve fibers penetrate into the urinary bladder and where nerve fibers and intramural neurons are more concentrated. The phenotype and soma cross-sectional area of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, the extramural post-ganglionic autonomic neurons, the phenotype of sympathetic trunk ganglia (STG) neurons and caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMG) neurons innervating the porcine UBT were evaluated by coupling retrograde tracer technique and immunohistochemistry. -Porcine lumbosacral DRG neurons were characterized neurochemically: calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)(30±3%; 29±3%, respectively), substance P (SP)(26±8%; 27±12%), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)(21±4% and; 26±7%), neurofilament200kDa (NF200)(75±14%; 81±7%), and transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (TRPV1)(48±13%; 43±6%), and labeled for isolectin-B4 (IB4)(56±6%; 43±10%). UBT sensory neurons, which were distributed from L2 to Ca1 DRG, had a segmental localization, showing their highest density in L4–L5 and S2–S4 DRG. The lumbar UBT sensory neurons were significantly larger than sacral ones (1,112±624µm2 vs. 716±421µm2). Taken together, these data indicate that the lumbar and sacral pathways probably play different roles in sensory transmission from the UBT. -STG and CMG FB+ neurons were IR for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)(66±10.1%; 52.7±8.2%, respectively), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH)(62±6.2%; 52±6.2%), neuropeptide Y (NPY)(59±8%; 66±7%), CGRP (24±3%; 22±3%), SP (22±2%; 38±8%), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)(19±2%; 35±4%), nNOS (15±2%; 33±8%), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)(15±2%; 35±5%), leuenkephalin (LENK)(14±7%; 26±9%), and somatostatin (SOM)(12±3%; 32±7%). A mean number of 1845.1±259.3 FB+ neurons were localized in the L1-S3 STG, which appeared as small pericarya (465.6±82.7µm2). A large number (4287.5±1450.6) of small (476.1±103.9µm2) FB+ neurons were localized mainly along a border of both CMG. The largest number (4793.3±1990.8) of FB+ neurons was observed in the pelvic plexus (PP), where labeled neurons were often clustered within different microganglia and had smaller soma cross-sectional area (374.9±85.4 µm2)