Not Available

Not AvailableNot AvailableNot Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableTraditionally, Bihar is major maize producing state, where maize is consumed as food, feed and fodder. In India, 71% of maize is utilized for processing but in Bihar, only 8-10% is being processed. The present study found that processing unit was more economically feasible compared to production unit in terms of net return, break even yield, benefit cost ratio etc. Market efficiency and shared in consumers’ price was higher for channels V, VII and VIII for processors and channel III for farmers. The driving forces scores (105.93) was higher than restraining forces (56.6) to promote value chain which indicated favourable environment for processing. There were various factors which contributed to driving forces like access to raw material, suitable variety, labour, institutional support etc. on the other hand numerous restraining forces also existed like lack of training, its follow ups, diversification support, interrupted power supply etc. The study suggests that, we should focus on reducing restraining forces and increasing driving forces through commodity and community based processing centre at each district, single window delivery information system to agri-start ups and extending more institutional support.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableThe focus of capacity building has been shifting from primarily production to agri-business, based on market-led integration and developing other value chains aiming at enhancing farmers’ income. It requires identification and supporting of rural enterprises through technology and skill training, entrepreneurship training, market information, access to institutionalized credit, and other infrastructure related facilities.The need for appreciation of farmers as actors in the innovation system, and institutionalization of farmers’ wisdom for their scalability has been realized at most levels. To develop farming as a business venture and to integrate the farmers’ innovations and opportunities in secondary agriculture an action research study has been conducted in National Capital region of India. Institutional arrangement for facilitation of networking among stakeholders and resources was opined as the foremost requirement for enhancing farm income. The skills in social processes of group management and enterprise management were found lacking among the farmers. The entrepreneurial and technical trainings led to income generating activities. The price spread in major commercial crops showed that the longer chain reduced the producers’ share in consumer rupee drastically which implies the production linkages need to be developed with involvement of all the stakeholders. Through the lessons and opinion of respondents, maximizing farm profitability was found to be interplay of entrepreneurial competencies, entrepreneurial climate, and farmers’ innovations which suggest convergence and synergistic linkages.Not Availabl

Comparative Study Between Lidocaine Gel 2% and 5% for Ophthalmic Procedures

Purpose: To compare same-day pain control and safety of 2 different anesthetic gels utilizing 5% and 2% lidocaine gel. Main outcome is to determine whether 5% lidocaine gel is more effective in decreasing pain during conjunctival clamping compared to 2% lidocaine gel 5 and 10 min after gel application. Methods: This is a prospective, randomized double-blind clinical trial. Patients were randomized to receive 2% or 5% lidocaine gel in each eye. Discomfort during the gel instillation and pain during conjunctival clamping 5 and 10 min after gel application were compared. Extent of corneal conjunctival staining was graded according to the Oxford scale. Results: Eighty eyes of 40 patients were enrolled. The groups were similar in gender, with a mean age of 48 ± 16.26 years. The 5% lidocaine gel resulted in higher discomfort during initial instillation ( P  = 0.092), however, the pain during conjunctival clamping was lower in the 5% lidocaine gel eyes ( P  = 0.564) in both 5 and 10 min later ( P  < 0.001). The majority of patients (80%) had no corneal conjunctival dye staining. The tear break-up time was not statistically different after lidocaine gel 2% (20.35 ± 7.37 s) and lidocaine 5% (19.75 ± 7.00 s). Conclusion: Five percent and 2% lidocaine gel have similar efficacy controlling pain 5 min after instillation, however, 5% lidocaine gel appears to be more effective with a longer duration of action, without corneal toxicity. There was no corneal toxicity noted with either concentration