History of multiple sclerosis in 2 successive pregnancies: A French and Italian cohort

Objective: To evaluate the risk of relapses during pregnancy and in the first 3 months after delivery in 2 successive pregnancies in a cohort of French and Italian women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A total of 93 women were included if they had had 2 pregnancies followed prospectively after MS onset between January 1993 and 2013. The association of a relapse during pregnancy or the first postpartum trimester in pregnancy 1 and pregnancy 2 was evaluated by univariate logistic regression. Results: A majority of women did not experience any exacerbation in the 3 months after delivery (31.2% and 23.7%, respectively, relapsed after pregnancy 1 and 2; p 0.32). A total of 7.6% had a relapse after both pregnancies. The risk of relapse after pregnancy 2 was not associated with the number of relapses in the prepregnancy year (odds ratio [OR] 1.52 [0.57-4.05]) or during pregnancy (OR 1.57 [0.52-4.79]) or with the occurrence of a relapse after pregnancy 1 (OR 0.86 [0.29-2.50]). Conclusions: Our work provides original data on the evolution of successive pregnancies in MS, showing a similar (and even lower) disease activity in the second pregnancy. There was no correlation of activity in successive pregnancies. Therefore, counseling of women with MS who consider having a second baby should be the same as for the first one

Population Genetic Structure and Origins of Native Hawaiians in the Multiethnic Cohort Study

<div><p>The population genetic structure of Native Hawaiians has yet to be comprehensively studied, and the ancestral origins of Polynesians remain in question. In this study, we utilized high-resolution genome-wide SNP data and mitochondrial genomes of 148 and 160 Native Hawaiians, respectively, to characterize their population structure of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, ancestral origins, and population expansion. Native Hawaiians, who self-reported full Native Hawaiian heritage, demonstrated 78% Native Hawaiian, 11.5% European, and 7.8% Asian ancestry with 99% belonging to the B4 mitochondrial haplogroup. The estimated proportions of Native Hawaiian ancestry for those who reported mixed ancestry (i.e. 75% and 50% Native Hawaiian heritage) were found to be consistent with their self-reported heritage. A significant proportion of Melanesian ancestry (mean = 32%) was estimated in 100% self-reported Native Hawaiians in an ADMIXTURE analysis of Asian, Melanesian, and Native Hawaiian populations of K = 2, where K denotes the number of ancestral populations. This notable proportion of Melanesian admixture supports the “Slow-Boat” model of migration of ancestral Polynesian populations from East Asia to the Pacific Islands. In addition, approximately 1,300 years ago a single, strong expansion of the Native Hawaiian population was estimated. By providing important insight into the underlying population structure of Native Hawaiians, this study lays the foundation for future genetic association studies of this U.S. minority population.</p> </div

Le style, découpeur de réel

Si la parole est actualisation de la langue par la singularité énonciative, de nombreuses études montrent combien l’expression singulière est en réalité constituée de séquences préétablies et une mise en perspective synchronique et/ou diachronique oblige dans bien des cas à relativiser la singularité de faits saillants parce qu’isolés et pris ponctuellement. Le singulier vient alors s’inscrire dans une série langagière d’abord insoupçonnée, et cette inscription autant que le fait en lui-même permettent de lui donner une valeur stylistique, valeur elle-même variable précisément en fonction des contextes que la mise en série permettra d’établir. Il s’agira donc de réfléchir à la fois à la constitution locale et globale de tout fait/effet discursif : fait singulier, fait générique, en passant par le fait de langue daté, le fait de langue d’un groupe restreint, etc., comment les faits de langue deviennent-ils des effets de style et à quel niveau ? Ce second colloque de l’Association internationale de stylistique s’est efforcé de maintenir dans son champ d’investigation non seulement le fait, en tant que résultat textuel, mais encore le fait en tant que processus de production et d’interprétation. Il s’attaque à des questions aussi centrales que : – Pourquoi et comment peut-on délimiter des faits au sens d’éléments repérables, isolables et descriptibles en soi ? – Pourquoi et comment un « fait » ou un faisceau de faits a-t-il une valeur assignable ? – Peut-on élaborer une périodisation littéraire à partir de l’histoire des valeurs des « faits » ? – Comment lier un fait de langue et un effet de style ? – Comment enseigner les faits de langue, les effets de style

Multi-Dimensional Scaling analysis of GWAS data.

<p>HGDP representative samples with European, East Asian and Oceanian ancestry and are plotted against Native Hawaiians with various degrees of self-reported ancestry in MDS dimensions.</p

ADMIXTURE clustering of Native Hawaiians for K = 5 (A) and K = 6 (B). <b>Figures 1A and 1B</b> illustrate the clustering of Native Hawaiians and HGDP samples based on GWAS data.

<p>Each vertical bar represents an individual's proportion of K ancestral clusters (i.e. color) as estimated by ADMIXTURE.</p

Supervised ADMIXTURE results for K = 2 using Native Hawaiians, East Asian and Oceanian populations.

<p>Supervised ADMIXTURE results for K = 2 using Native Hawaiians, East Asian and Oceanian populations.</p

Native Hawaiian specific mitochondrial SNP with minimum allele frequency >1%.

<p>Native Hawaiian specific mitochondrial SNP with minimum allele frequency >1%.</p

Average of each ancestral clustering estimated by ADMIXTURE for K = 5 and K = 6.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0047881#pone-0047881-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2A and 2B</a> illustrate the mean values for each proportion of ancestry based on GWAS data. Pop1-6 are the ancestral populations representing the European, African, East Asian, American, Oceanian, and Hawaiian populations, respectively.</p