160 research outputs found
Demand flexibility enabled by virtual energy storage to improve renewable energy penetration
The increasing resort to renewable energy distributed generation, which is needed to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions, leads to challenges concerning the proper operation of electric distribution systems. As a result of the intrinsic nature of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), this generation shows a high volatility and a low predictability that make the balancing of energy production and consumption difficult. At the same time, the electrification of new energyâintensive sectors (such as heating) is expected. This complex scenario paves the way for new sources of flexibility that will have more and more relevance in the coming years. This paper analyses how the electrification of the heating system, combined with an electric flexibility utilisation module, can be used to mitigate the problems related to the fluctuating production of RES. By using PowerâtoâHeat (P2H) technologies, buildings are able to store the overproduction of RES in the form of thermal energy for endâuse according to the principle of the soâcalled Virtual Energy Storage (VES). A contextâaware demand flexibility extraction based on the VES model and the flexibility upscale and utilisation on districtâlevel through grid simulation and energy flow optimisation is presented in the paper. The involved modules have been developed within the PLANET (PLAnning and operational tools for optimising energy flows and synergies between energy NETworks) H2020 European project and interact under a unified coâsimulation framework with the PLANET Decision Support System (DSS) for the analysis of multiâenergy scenarios. DSS has been used to simulate a realistic future energy scenario, according to which the imbalance problems triggered by RES overproduction are mitigated with the optimal exploitation of the demand flexibility enabled by VES
OptEEmAL: Decision-Support Tool for the Design of Energy Retrofitting Projects at District Level
Designing energy retrofitting actions poses an elevated number of problems, as the definition of the baseline, selection of indicators to measure performance, modelling, setting objectives, etc. This is time-consuming and it can result in a number of inaccuracies, leading to inadequate decisions. While these problems are present at building level, they are multiplied at district level, where there are complex interactions to analyse, simulate and improve. OptEEmAL proposes a solution as a decision-support tool for the design of energy retrofitting projects at district level. Based on specific input data (IFC(s), CityGML, etc.), the platform will automatically simulate the baseline scenario and launch an optimisation process where a series of Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) will be applied to this scenario. Its performance will be evaluated through a holistic set of indicators to obtain the best combination of ECMs that complies with user's objectives. A great reduction in time and higher accuracy in the models are experienced, since they are automatically created and checked. A subjective problem is transformed into a mathematical problem; it simplifies it and ensures a more robust decision-making. This paper will present a case where the platform has been tested.This research work has been partially funded by the European Commission though the European Unionâs Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 680676. All related information to the project is available at https://www.opteemal-project.eu
Multi-agent Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with Dynamic Termination
In a multi-agent system, an agent's optimal policy will typically depend on
the policies chosen by others. Therefore, a key issue in multi-agent systems
research is that of predicting the behaviours of others, and responding
promptly to changes in such behaviours. One obvious possibility is for each
agent to broadcast their current intention, for example, the currently executed
option in a hierarchical reinforcement learning framework. However, this
approach results in inflexibility of agents if options have an extended
duration and are dynamic. While adjusting the executed option at each step
improves flexibility from a single-agent perspective, frequent changes in
options can induce inconsistency between an agent's actual behaviour and its
broadcast intention. In order to balance flexibility and predictability, we
propose a dynamic termination Bellman equation that allows the agents to
flexibly terminate their options. We evaluate our model empirically on a set of
multi-agent pursuit and taxi tasks, and show that our agents learn to adapt
flexibly across scenarios that require different termination behaviours.Comment: PRICAI 201
Recovery of the Schwarzschild Metric in Theories with Localized Gravity Beyond Linear Order
We solve the Einstein equations in the Randall-Sundrum framework with a
static, spherically symmetric matter distribution on the {\it physical brane}
and obtain an approximate expression for the gravitational field outside the
source to second order in the gravitational coupling. This expression when
confined on the {\it physical brane} coincides with the standard form of the
Schwarzschild metric. Therefore, the Randall-Sundrum scenario is consistent
with the Mercury precession test of General Relativity.Comment: 17 pages, plain Tex, references added, typos correcte
OptEEmAL: Decision-Support Tool for the Design of Energy Retrofitting Projects at District Level
Designing energy retrofitting actions poses an elevated number of problems, as the definition of the baseline, selection of indicators to measure performance, modelling, setting objectives, etc. This is time-consuming and it can result in a number of inaccuracies, leading to inadequate decisions. While these problems are present at building level, they are multiplied at district level, where there are complex interactions to analyse, simulate and improve. OptEEmAL proposes a solution as a decision-support tool for the design of energy retrofitting projects at district level. Based on specific input data (IFC(s), CityGML, etc.), the platform will automatically simulate the baseline scenario and launch an optimisation process where a series of Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) will be applied to this scenario. Its performance will be evaluated through a holistic set of indicators to obtain the best combination of ECMs that complies with user's objectives. A great reduction in time and higher accuracy in the models are experienced, since they are automatically created and checked. A subjective problem is transformed into a mathematical problem; it simplifies it and ensures a more robust decision-making. This paper will present a case where the platform has been tested.This research work has been partially funded by the European Commission though the European Unionâs Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 680676. All related information to the project is available at https://www.opteemal-project.eu
String Propagation in Bianchi Type I models: Dynamical anisotropy Damping and Consequences
A generic ansatz is introduced which provides families of exact solutions to
the equations of motion and constraints for null-strings in Bianchi type I
cosmological models. This is achieved irrespective of the form of the metric.
Within classes of dilaton cosmologies a backreaction mapping relation is
established where the null string leads to more or less anisotropic members of
the family. The equations of motion and constraints for the generic model are
casted in their first order form and integrated both analytically and
numerically.Comment: 37 pages, 11 figure
The Ginzburg-Landau Free Energy Functional of Color Superconductivity at Weak Coupling
We derive the Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional of color
superconductivity in terms of the thermal diagrams of QCD in its perturbative
region. The zero mode of the quadratic term coefficient yields the same
transition temperature, including the pre-exponential factor, as the one
obtained previously from the Fredholm determinant of the two quark scattering
amplitude. All coefficients of the free energy can be made identical to those
of a BCS model by setting the Fermi velocity of the latter equal to the speed
of light. We also calculate the induced symmetric color condensate near
and find that it scales as the cubic power of the dominant antisymmetric color
component. We show that in the presence of an inhomogeneity and a nonzero gauge
potential, while the color-flavor locked condensate dominates in the bulk, the
unlocked condensate, the octet, emerges as a result of a simultaneous
color-flavor rotation in the core region of a vortex filament or at the
junction of super and normal phases.Comment: 32 pages, Plain Tex, 3 figure
Spherically symmetric spacetimes in massive gravity
We explore spherically symmetric stationary solutions, generated by ``stars''
with regular interiors, in purely massive gravity. We reexamine the claim that
the resummation of non-linear effects can cure, in a domain near the source,
the discontinuity exhibited by the linearized theory as the mass m of the
graviton tends to zero. First, we find analytical difficulties with this claim,
which appears not to be robust under slight changes in the form of the mass
term. Second, by numerically exploring the inward continuation of the class of
asymptotically flat solutions, we find that, when m is ``small'', they all end
up in a singularity at a finite radius, well outside the source, instead of
joining some conjectured ``continuous'' solution near the source. We reopen,
however, the possibility of reconciling massive gravity with phenomenology by
exhibiting a special class of solutions, with ``spontaneous symmetry breaking''
features, which are close, near the source, to general relativistic solutions
and asymptote, for large radii, a de Sitter solution of curvature ~m^2.Comment: 57 pages, references addde
An Infinite Dimensional Symmetry Algebra in String Theory
Symmetry transformations of the space-time fields of string theory are
generated by certain similarity transformations of the stress-tensor of the
associated conformal field theories. This observation is complicated by the
fact that, as we explain, many of the operators we habitually use in string
theory (such as vertices and currents) have ill-defined commutators. However,
we identify an infinite-dimensional subalgebra whose commutators are not
singular, and explicitly calculate its structure constants. This constitutes a
subalgebra of the gauge symmetry of string theory, although it may act on
auxiliary as well as propagating fields. We term this object a {\it weighted
tensor algebra}, and, while it appears to be a distant cousin of the
-algebras, it has not, to our knowledge, appeared in the literature before.Comment: 14 pages, Plain TeX, report RU93-8, CTP-TAMU-2/94, CERN-TH.7022/9
Intersecting D3-branes and Holography
We study a defect conformal field theory describing D3-branes intersecting
over two space-time dimensions. This theory admits an exact Lagrangian
description which includes both two- and four-dimensional degrees of freedom,
has (4,4) supersymmetry and is invariant under global conformal
transformations. Both two- and four-dimensional contributions to the action are
conveniently obtained in a two-dimensional (2,2) superspace. In a suitable
limit, the theory has a dual description in terms of a probe D3-brane wrapping
an AdS_3 x S^1 slice of AdS_5 x S^5. We consider the AdS/CFT dictionary for
this set-up. In particular we find classical probe fluctuations corresponding
to the holomorphic curve wy=c\alpha^{\prime}. These fluctuations are dual to
defect fields containing massless two-dimensional scalars which parameterize
the classical Higgs branch, but do not correspond to states in the Hilbert
space of the CFT. We also identify probe fluctuations which are dual to BPS
superconformal primary operators and to their descendants. A
non-renormalization theorem is conjectured for the correlators of these
operators, and verified to order g^2.Comment: 46 pages, 5 figures, Latex, minor corrections to section 4.2, version
published in Phys. Rev.
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