Trojan Taxonomy in Quantum Computing

Quantum computing introduces unfamiliar security vulnerabilities demanding customized threat models. Hardware and software Trojans pose serious concerns needing rethinking from classical paradigms. This paper develops the first structured taxonomy of Trojans tailored to quantum information systems. We enumerate potential attack vectors across the quantum stack from hardware to software layers. A categorization of quantum Trojan types and payloads is outlined ranging from reliability degradation, functionality corruption, backdoors, and denial-of-service. Adversarial motivations behind quantum Trojans are analyzed. By consolidating diverse threats into a unified perspective, this quantum Trojan taxonomy provides insights guiding threat modeling, risk analysis, detection mechanisms, and security best practices customized for this novel computing paradigm.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Stealthy SWAPs: Adversarial SWAP Injection in Multi-Tenant Quantum Computing

Quantum computing (QC) holds tremendous promise in revolutionizing problem-solving across various domains. It has been suggested in literature that 50+ qubits are sufficient to achieve quantum advantage (i.e., to surpass supercomputers in solving certain class of optimization problems).The hardware size of existing Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers have been ever increasing over the years. Therefore, Multi-tenant computing (MTC) has emerged as a potential solution for efficient hardware utilization, enabling shared resource access among multiple quantum programs. However, MTC can also bring new security concerns. This paper proposes one such threat for MTC in superconducting quantum hardware i.e., adversarial SWAP gate injection in victims program during compilation for MTC. We present a representative scheduler designed for optimal resource allocation. To demonstrate the impact of this attack model, we conduct a detailed case study using a sample scheduler. Exhaustive experiments on circuits with varying depths and qubits offer valuable insights into the repercussions of these attacks. We report a max of approximately 55 percent and a median increase of approximately 25 percent in SWAP overhead. As a countermeasure, we also propose a sample machine learning model for detecting any abnormal user behavior and priority adjustment.Comment: 7 pages, VLSI