Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview

Since ancient times, drugs have been administered via the nasal route for therapeutic and recreational purposes. The interest in, and importance, of the systemic effects of drugs administered through the nasal route, have expanded over recent decades. Intra-nasal administration of drugs offers an interesting alternative for achieving systemic therapeutic effects of drugs that are comparable to the parenteral route, which can be inconvenient at times or oral administration, which can result in unacceptably low drug bioavailability. So, it is important to understand the potential and limitations of various nasal drug delivery systems. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to discuss the various pharmaceutical dosage forms that have the potential to be utilised for local or systemic drug administration. It is intuitively expected that this review will help to understand and further to develop suitable intra-nasal formulations to achieve specific therapeutic objectives

Probing the Impact of Porosity on Swelling Kinetics of Hydrophilic Matrices

The aim of the present investigation was to understand the swelling behaviour of HPMC and PEO-based matrices and to evaluate the impact of porosity on the swelling kinetics. It was noticed that the HPMC has higher swelling rates but both undergo diffusion oriented swelling mechanism. It could also the concluded that the porosity has a marked influence in the development of gel layer on the surface of these matrices

Growth of Nursery Grown Micro Propagated Bamboo (Bambusa Tulda .L) Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

A nursery experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of bio inoculants AMF (Glomus mosseae) Frateuria aurantia (potassium mobilizer), Azospirillium (Free nitrogen fixer) on growth promotion of micro propagated thorn less bamboo (Bambusa tulda .L).Bamboo seedlings were inoculated singly or in triple inoculation with Glomus mosseae, Frateuria aurantia and Azospirillium brasilense. The mycorrhizal spore load and per cent root colonization were maximum with triple inoculated plants and least in control and uninoculated plants. - See more at: http://www.worldwidejournals.com/international-journal-of-scientific-research-(IJSR)/articles.php?val=MzMzNw==&b1=89&k=23#sthash.tKy9r1Nv.dpu

EFFECT OF AMLODIPINE AND ENALAPRIL ON WOUND HEALING IN DIABETIC WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Objective: A number of structural and functional mechanisms have been identified in the pathogenesis of impaired wound healing in diabetes. Diabetes promotes endothelial dysfunction as evidenced by decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. NO deficiency and resultant impaired angiogenesis have been implicated in impaired wound healing in diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of amlodipine and enalapril on wound healing in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats based on previous observations that amlodipine increases NO bioavailability and enalapril promote angiogenesis.Methods: Four groups for each wound model (n=6 in each group; total 8 groups) were used and served as diabetic control, active control (glibenclamide), amlodipine, and enalapril groups. Wound closure rate and re-epithelialization were studied in the excision wounds. Incision wounds were studied for wound breaking strength while dead space wounds were studied for granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline content, and histological changes in granulation tissue.Results: Amlodipine and enalapril significantly (P<0.05) increased re-epithelialization in excision wound model. Amlodipine significantly improved incision wound breaking strength while enalapril increased granulation tissue formation. None of the study agents had a significant effect on wound granulation tissue histology.Conclusion: Amlodipine and enalapril enhance the re-epithelialization in the diabetic wound. Choosing amlodipine or enalapril as antihypertensive in diabetic patients may help to improve impaired wound healing in these patients. Further human trials are needed to demonstrate similar benefits in diabetic patients with wounds.Keywords:Antihypertensive drugs, Diabetic ulcers, Re-epithelization, StreptozotocinÂ

Starch-free grewia gum matrices: Compaction, swelling, erosion and drug release behaviour

Polysaccharides are suitable for application as hydrophilic matrices because of their ability to hydrate and swell upon contact with fluids, forming a gel layer which controls drug release. When extracted from plants, polysaccharides often contain significant quantities of starch that impacts upon their functional properties. This study aimed to evaluate differences in swelling, erosion and drug release from matrix tablets prepared from grewia gum (GG) and starch-free grewia gum (GDS) extracted from the stems of Grewia mollis. HPMC was used as a control polymer with theophylline as a model drug. Swelling, erosion, and in-vitro release were performed in deionized water, pH1.2 and pH6.8 media. The Vergnaud and Krosmeyer-Peppas model were used for swelling and drug release kinetics, respectively. However, linear regression technique was used to determine the erosion rate. GDS compacts were significantly harder than the native GG and HPMC compacts. GDS matrices exhibited the fastest erosion and drug release in deionised water and phosphate buffer compared with the GG and HPMC. At pH1.2, GDS exhibited greater swelling than erosion, and drug release was similar to GG and HPMC. This highlights the potential of GDS as a matrix for controlled release similar to HPMC and GG at pH1.2 but with a more rapid release at pH6.8. GDS may have wider application in reinforcing compacts with relatively low mechanical strengt

Physicochemical characterization of polysaccharides extracted from sesame leaves: a potential matrix for sustained release tablets

Purpose In the developing world the pharmaceutical sector depends heavily on imported raw materials which elevate the cost of medicines beyond the reach of the majority of the local population; despite often being rich in renewable sources which could be used as excipients. In this study we have extracted and characterised a largely undeveloped polysaccharide, sesamum gum, with a view to application as an alternative pharmaceutical excipient. Methods Polysaccharide from the leaves of Sesamum indicum was extracted by maceration in distilled water followed by precipitation in absolute ethanol. The material was oven dried and milled to a particle size of 250 m. The resulting material was characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The total carbohydrate content, protein content and intrinsic viscosity of the extracted gum were determined according to standard protocols. Constituent sugar analysis of the material was determined by high performance anion exchange chromatography after hydrolysis of the samples using 2M trifluoroacetic acid for 3 hours. Compaction studies were carried out using a Testometric materials testing machine and data analysed by Heckel analysis. Results The polysaccharide gum had a total carbohydrate content of 98.1% and protein content of 1.7%. XRD spectra were typical of an amorphous material with a maximum decomposition temperature of 266.7 °C. Intrinsic viscosity was determined to be approximately 3.31 and 4.40 dl/g in 0.1 M NaCl and deionized water respectively. Dispersions of the polysaccharide are viscoelastic and exhibit shear-thinning behaviour. The polysaccharide contains fucose (0.1%), rhamnose (1.1%), arabinose (2.8%), galactose (48.9%), glucose (2.7%), mannose (6.8%) and xylose (33.6%) as neutral sugars, and glucuronic acid (3.0%) and galacturonic acid (1.1%) as acid sugars. Heckel analysis indicates that sesamum consolidates plastically having mean yield pressure of 131.45 MPa. Conclusion Sesamum polysaccharide is typically amorphous with a low content of uronic acids. Results suggest it is a thermally stable, high molecular weight polymer which exhibits shear-thinning behaviour in the hydrated form. The polymer in the dry state is a highly compactable material which has the potential to be exploited as a matrix former in sustained release tablets