16 research outputs found
Hyposmia and apathy in early, de novo Parkinson\u27s disease: Lessons from structural brain connectivity
INTRODUCTION: The neuroanatomical structures implicated in olfactory and emotional processing overlap significantly. Our understanding of the relationship between hyposmia and apathy, common manifestations of early Parkinson\u27s disease (PD), is inadequate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data on 40 patients with early de-novo idiopathic PD enrolled within 2 years of motor symptom onset in the Parkinson\u27s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) study. To be included in the analysis, patients must have smell dysfunction but no apathy at the baseline visit and had completed a diffusion MRI (dMRI) at the baseline visit and at the 48-month follow-up visit. We used the FMRIB Software Library\u27s diffusion tool kit to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) in six regions of interest on dMRI: bilateral anterior corona radiata, left cingulum, left superior corona radiata, genu and body of the corpus callosum. We compared the FA in each region from the dMRI done at the beginning of the study with the follow up studies at 4 years.
RESULTS: We found a significant decrease of FA at the bilateral anterior corona radiata, and the genu and body of the corpus callosum comparing baseline scans with follow up images at 4-years after starting the study.
CONCLUSION: Structural connectivity changes associated with apathy can be seen early in PD patients with smell dysfunction
Rapid Ve Tlc Analizi Ile Opioid Ba���Ml�Lar�N�N İDrar�Nda Morfin & Kodein Taramas�
Aim: one hundred urine samples of abusers were examined for the
presence of alkaloid substances in urine. Alkaloids of urine were
confirmed with rapid and TLC methods. A thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
procedure for the screening and confirmation of urinary codeine and
morphine has been developed. Method: Urine samples were daily collected
from abusers of Tabriz/Iran. Urine extracts were prepared using
silica-gel absorbent resin in column. The resin was rinsed with two
buffers. These procedures make PH appropriation, then residual water
was removed by vacuum aspiration and adsorbed alkaloid substances were
eluted with a organic solvent of methanol and concentrated. After
evaporation to dryness with heater, the residue was dissolved in
organic solvent of methanol to reach 10 to 40 fold concentration. For
screening, the extraction residues were spotted on TLC plates which are
developed in chloroform: methanol: Ammoniac (12:1.4:0.2). For
confirmation the spots for the two opioids were visualized with
acidified iodoplatinate. Codeine and morphine standards are well
separated from one another and comparison with samples urinary
substances on plates. The limit of detection was a concentration of
300ng/mL. Result: The result of this study has shown that 100 percent
of urine samples from addicted in Tabriz (Iran) were contained alkaloid
substances and 25 percent of these samples have shown drug interaction.
Conclusion: This study describes importance of urine drug testing such
as TLC analysis in comparison of other rapid tests.Amaç: Yüz bağımlının idrar
örneği idrarda alkaloid maddeleri varlığı
açısından incelendi. İdrar alkoloidleri rapid ve
TLC yöntemleri ile araştırıldı. Bir ince
tabaka kromotografi (TLC) yöntemi idrar kodein ve morfin tarama ve
doğrulaması için geliştirildi. Metod:
Tebriz/İran’daki bağımlılardan idrar
örnekleri günlük olarak toplandı. İdrar
özütleri sütunda silika jel emici reçine
kullanılarak hazırlandı. Reçine iki tampon ile
durulandı. Bu işlemlerle PH uygunluğunu
sağlandı, daha sonra kalan su vakum aspirasyonu ile ortadan
kaldırıldı ve emilen alkoloid maddeler metanolün
bir organik çözücüsü ile
ayrıştırıldı ve
yoğunlaştırıldı. Isıtıcı ile
kuruluk için buharlaştırma sonrası, kalan madde
metanolün organik çözücüsünde 10-40 kat
konsantrasyona ulaşana kadar çözüldü. Tarama
için, özüt kalıntıları
kloroform:metanol:amonyakla (12:1.4:0.2) geliştirilmiş TLC
tabakalarında noktalandı. Doğrulama için iki opioid
için noktalar asidifiye iodoplatinate ile gözlemlendi. Kodein
ve morfin standartları birbirinden ve tabakalardaki
karşılaştırılan örnek idrar maddelerinden
iyice ayrıldı. Tespit limiti 300ng/mL ‘lik bir
konsantrasyondu. Bulgular: Bu çalışmanın
bulguları gösterdi ki Tebrizdeki (İran)
bağımlıların idrar örneklerinin yüzde
yüzü alkoloid madde içermekteydi ve bu örneklerin
yüzde 25’i ilaç etkileşimi göstermekteydi.
Sonuç: Bu çalışmada diğer hızlı
testlerin karşılaştırmasında TLC analizi gibi
idrar ilaç testlerinin önemini anlatmaktadı