Hospital Safety Climate Assessment toward Attitude’s Nurses Based on Sammer’s Model Case study: An academic General and A specialized Hospital in Tehran (Iran)

Safety climate has become an important issue in organizational safety management of health systems. The aim of this applied study was assessment safety climate in general and specialized academic hospitals based on Sammer’s model, to introduce a model with the specific framework to assess climate safety in Iranian hospitals, moreover, to reduce medical errors and incidents, also to increase patient safety. This model consists of seven dimensions: leadership, teamwork, evidence-based practices, communication, learning, justice and patient-centeredness. So a descriptive –comparative study was undertaken through a methodology including 3 phases. Data were collected by a modified questionnaire based on the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) from 217 nurses and an In-depth interview with 52 nurses in both hospitals. According to the results in the general hospital, leadership, patient-centeredness and learning was recognized as the most effective factors, however, in the specialized hospital, the most important factors were patient-centeredness and justice. Seven dimensions of Sammer’s model are effective in safety climate assessment, but they are not enough to assess safety climate Iranian hospitals. Adding other factors such as safety and standardized hospital building space, the safety of equipment, physical factors in the workplace, Social and culture factors and terms and conditions governing the hospital settings can help to complete the model and provide an integrated and more consistent one to take an effective step in assessing overall hospital safety climate

تحلیل پارامترهای جنبش نیرومند زمین در گستره سرپل ذهاب با نگاهی ویژه به بحران های ناشی از آن

Background and Objectives: The occurrence of natural disasters can be considered one of the most important concerns of human life, especially for the people of developing countries.  The existence of natural disasters in Iran has made Iran one of the top 10 countries in the world in terms of disasters.  Analysis of seismic data shows that almost every 5 years, on average, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 (such as the Saravan and Sarpol-e-Zahab -Kermanshah earthquakes) occurs in Iran and has serious effects on human society. In this study, the parameters of strong ground motion in the Sarpol-e-Zahab area have been analyzed with a special focus on its crisis. Material and methods: To evaluate the earthquake's return period in this fault system, two preliminary relationships of Gutenberg-Richter and the final distribution of the Kijku-Sellovel method have been used. In order to study seismicity and seismic hazard analysis, after checking the geology of the study area, the tectonics and seismicity of the region were studied. After that, a tectonic seismic model was prepared from this zone to determine the nature of seismicity better. Then, the seismic source database of the study area was defined and entered into EZ-frisk software for further analysis. Results: The magnitude of the earthquakes based on the Gutenberg-Richter and Kijku-Sellovel methods has shown that the magnitude of the earthquake in the 475-year return period is 6.9Ms and 7.0Ms, subsequently. A magnitude of more than 7.8 is not expected in this region based on the Gutenberg-Richter method. On the other hand, the values of acceleration on the side where the fault slope is (northeast of the fault), have higher values than on the opposite side. In addition, the maximum acceleration of the earthquake in the position of the mountain frontal fault is estimated at 0.75 gals. Conclusion: Therefore, considering the importance of the study area (geologically), the existence of active and important faults in this region, as well as political-security threats, the existence of spatial exchanges and links on both sides of the border, and the underdevelopment of study and planning in the field of crisis management of this region seems necessary. Also, according to the results of the earthquake return period in this region, raising the level of urban environment flexibility against the stresses caused by the crisis and minimizing the time of rehabilitation and resilience of cities are among the most important factors that should be considered in planning and managing cities. How to cite this article: Monazami-Tehrani Z, Monazami-Tehrani GH, Drstian A, Akasheh B, Almasian M. Analysis of the Seismicity Parameters and Strong Ground Movement in Sarpol-e Zahab and its Related Crises. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2022;10(1):80-6.سابقه و هدف: وقوع حوادث و بلایای طبیعی را می توان از مهمترین دغدغه‌ها و نگرانی‌های زندگی بشر به خصوص مردم کشورهای در حال توسعه دانست. وجود بلاياي طبيعي در كشورایران سبب شده است كه ايران جزء 10 كشور نخست جهان در زمينه بلاخيز باشد. تحليل داده هاي لرزه اي نشان مي دهد كه تقريبا هر 5 سال بطور متوسط يك زمين لرزه با بزرگي 7 (همانند زلزله‌های سراوان و سرپل ذهاب-کرمانشاه) در ايران اتفاق ميافتد و اثرات جدي بر جامعه انساني وارد مي سازد. در این مطالعه تحلیل پارامترهای جنبش نیرومند زمین در گستره سرپل ذهاب با نگاهی ویژه به بحران های ناشی از آن پرداخته شد.  روش بررسی: در راستای ارزیابی دوره بازگشت زمین لرزه در این سامانه گسلی از دو رابطه مقدماتی گوتنبرگ- ریشتر و توزیع پایانی کیکو- سلوول استفاده شد. در راستای مطالعه لرزه خیزی و تحلیل خطر زمین لرزه پس از مطالعه زمین شناسی گستره مطالعاتی، به بررسی زمین ساخت و لرزه خیزی منطقه پرداخته شد. پس از آن مدل لرزه زمین ساختی از این پهنه تهیه شد تا ماهیت لرزه خیزی هرچه بهتر مشخص گردد. سپس، بانک داده‌های چشمه‌های لرزه‌زای گستره مورد مطالعه، تعریف و برای انجام تحلیل‌های بعدی، وارد نرم افزار Ez-frisk گردید. نتایج : نتایج حاصل از دو روش لرزه ای بیان شده نشان می دهد که در محدوده مطالعاتی با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، رخداد زمین لرزه ای با بزرگای بیش از   7.8 Ms> در سه  بازه زمانی از واقعیت به دور می باشد. همچنین رخداد زمین لرزهای با بزرگای بیش از7.8 Ms> در گستره مورد مطالعه با هیچ یک از داده های لرزه ای همخوانی ندارد. از طرفی مقادیر شتاب در سمتی که شیب گسل به آن سو است (شمال شرقی گسل)، نسبت به طرف مقابل، از مقادیر بالاتری برخوردار است. علاوه بر آن بیشینه مقدار شتاب زمین لرزه در موقعیت گسل پیشانی کوهستان در حدود 0.75 گال برآورد شده است. نتیجه گیری: بنابراین با توجه به  اهمیت منطقه مطالعاتی (از نظر زمین شناسی)، وجود گسل های فعال و مهم در کل منطقه، همچنین تهدیدات سیاسی - امنیتی، وجود مبادلات و پیوندهای فضایی دو سوی مرز و توسعه نیافتگی مطالعه و برنامه ریزی در زمینه ی مدیریت بحران این منطقه ضروری به نظر می رسد. همچنین با توجه به نتایج دوره بازگشت زلزله در این منطقه، بالا بردن سطح انعطاف‌پذیری محیط شهری در برابر تنش های ناشی از بروز بحران و نیز به حداقل رساندن زمان بازتوانی و تاب‌آور ساختن شهرها ازجمله مهمترین عواملی است که می بایست در برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهرها مورد توجه قرار گیرد. How to cite this article: Monazami-Tehrani Z, Monazami-Tehrani GH, Drstian A, Akasheh B, Almasian M. Analysis of the Seismicity Parameters and Strong Ground Movement in Sarpol-e Zahab and its Related Crises. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2022;10(1):80-6

Assessment of Hearing Loss in Iranian Professional Pop Singers through the Soundlog and Temporary Hearing Loss Test Softwares

Background and Aims: Noise induced hearing loss is a sensory-neural phenomenon which happens slowly due to continued or alternative sound exposure. Singers are one of the working groups who are at the risk of hearing loss. This study aimed to assess the hearing loss of Iranian professional pop singers.Materials & Methods: In this study, two SoundLog and Temporary Hearing Loss Test softwares have been used to measure temporary threshold shift (TTS), level of sound (LAeq), maximum level of sound, as well as the level of equivalent sound in 8 hours (LAeq, 8h)  with and without hearing protection device (HPD). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18 software. All stages of this research were conducted ethically.Results: The sound level, maximum sound level and equivalent level of sound in 8 hours without using hearing protection equipment and by using hearing protection equipment were 84.3 ± 9.6 and 86.7 ± 7.1; 118.9 ± 2.8 and 120.7 ± 2.7 and 78.4 ± 8.9 and 82.5± 5.8, respectively. Also, the hearing loss level in the sample was 2.4 ± 7.1 and 0 db, according to the intervention.Conclusion: The results indicated the applicability of the programs. Therefore, without the need for an expert, a person can understand the sound exposure level during his performance. Thus, these tools, suitable personal protective equipment and continuous monitoring will lead to early detection of hearing loss in these groups

Evaluation of Noise, Light and Burnout in the Intensive Care unit of Neurosurgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital

سابقه و هدف: آلودگي صوتي و کمبود روشنایی، بر میزان بهبود فعالیت‌های کارکنان تاثیر مستقیم دارند و باعث ایجاد فرسودگی شغلی و ایجاد رفتار‌های منفی در فرد می‌شوند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل میزان صدا، روشنایی موضعی محیط کار و میزان فرسودگی شغلی در بخش مراقبت‌ ویژه مغزی در بیمارستان لقمان حکیم انجام شد. روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر از نوع مقطعـی و مـشاهده‌ای – توصـیفی بوده و جامعه آماري، کارکنان بخش مراقبت‌ ویژه مغزی بيمارستان لقمان حکيم بوده‌اند. ابزار مطالعه شامل پرسشنامه فرسودگی شغلی مسلش (25)، دستگاه صداسنج و لوکس‌متر بوده است. نتایج: میانگین صدا در محیط کار 44/3 دسی‌بل و بیش از حد استاندارد بود. وضعیت روشنایی موضعی 38 ایستگاه اندازه‌گیری شده در 20 ایستگاه (معادل 78/95 درصد) نامطلوب بود. پرسشنامه فرسودگی شغلی نشان داد تمام کارکنان داری افسردگی بوده و بیش‌ترین میزان فرسودگی شغلی در بعد خستگی عاطفی و عملکرد شخصی و کم‌ترین میزان در بعد مسخ شخصیت مشاهده ‌شد. نتیجه گیری: افرادی که در بخش مراقبت‌ ویژه مغزی کار می‌کنند به دلیل ماهیت شغلی در مواجهه استرس بیش‌تری قراردارند و امکان بروز فرسودگی شغلی در سطوح بالا در آنان پیش‌بینی می‌شود که برگزاری دوره‌‌های آموزشی و ارتقای مهارت‌های مدیریت استرس در جهت پیشگیری از فرسودگی برای کارکنان این بخش می‌‌بایست مورد توجه قرارگیرد. How to cite this article: Bahramzadeh AH, Monazami-Tehrani G, Nateghinia S, Akbari-Dilmaghani N. Evaluation of Noise, Light and Burnout in the Intensive Care unit of Neurosurgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2021;9(3):183-9.  Background and Objectives: Noise pollution and lack of light directly affect the activities of employees and cause burnout and negative behaviors in the individual. The aim of this study was to investigate the physically harmful factors of noise and local illumination of the workplace and the rate of burnout in the intensive care unit of the brain in Loghman Hakim Hospital. Method and Materials: The present study is a cross-sectional and observational-descriptive study and the statistical population was the staff of the intensive care unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital. The study instruments included the Maslach burnout questionnaire (25), sound meter, and luxometer. Results: The average noise in the workplace is 44.3 decibels and exceeds the standard. The local lighting condition of 38 stations measured in 20 stations (equivalent to 78.95%) was unfavorable. The burnout questionnaire showed that all employees had depression and the highest rate of burnout was observed in the dimension of emotional fatigue and personal performance and the lowest rate was observed in the dimension of depersonalization. Conclusion: People who work in the intensive care unit of the brain are more exposed to stress due to the nature of the job and the possibility of burnout at high levels is predicted in them to hold training courses and improve stress management skills to prevent burnout. The staff of this department should be taken into consideration . How to cite this article: Bahramzadeh AH, Monazami-Tehrani G, Nateghinia S, Akbari-Dilmaghani N. Evaluation of Noise, Light and Burnout in the Intensive Care unit of Neurosurgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2021;9(3):183-9

Evaluation of risk caused by wastewater discharges from the Petrochemical Special Economic Zone (PETZONE) to the Musa Bay (Persian Gulf-Iran) / Ghazaleh Monazami Tehrani

This study investigated the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in the wastewater effluents of PETZONE and sediments of the Musa Bay (around the PETZONE coastal area) from Jun 2009 to Jun 2010. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the sources of pollutants and each pollutant‘s distribution, concentration and contamination degree, as well as to assess the biological response to these stressors based on the ecological risk. The levels of TPH concentration in the study area were found to be relatively moderate (with an average value of 48.98 μg/g) compared to the world-wide chronically oil-contaminated locations. Also the average concentration of PAHs was found to be lower than the guideline values (with a mean value of 3.40 μg/g) in the study area and other parts of the bay. The source analysis based on the isomer pair ratios and also the principle component analysis showed that, in addition to petrogenic input as a major source, pyrolytic inputs are also a source for PAHs. Also, the results of Chronic Potency Ratio of PAHs showed that, all the sampling stations meet the guideline value with the exception of the stations 3-BI and 4 (which are located in the vicinity of the Bandar-e-Imam Khomeini petrochemical company). Furthermore, the contamination factor showed that, the study area can be classified as slightly polluted and be categorized as of low ecological risk. Also, the average value of AMBI was 2.66, so the study area can be categorized as slightly polluted based on this index. Owing to this index, the pollution level of most of the stations varied between undisturbed and moderately polluted (except stations 3-BI and 4). In the case of environmental impact assessment (EIA), the PETZONE effluent outlets were monitored and showed that, the average concentrations of PAHs were lower than the guideline values at all the stations; thus the effluents of the study area can be considered unpolluted. Also, the average concentration of TPH was lower than the guideline value at all sampling stations with the exception of the effluent outlets of Razi and Bandar-e-Imam Khomeini petrochemical companies which are proximal to Musa Bay and they may have an adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem of the bay. The result of the Risk Priority Number (RPN) based on TPH showed that, Bandar-e-Imam Khomeini petrochemical company can be classified in a category of important environmental aspect, and Razi and Shahid Tondgouyan petrochemical companies can be categorized as moderate environmental aspects; while the rest of the petrochemical companies can be classified as low environmental aspects. Thus, Bandar-e-Imam Khomeini petrochemical company should mitigate the risk and it requires executive management attention and control actions, while, Razi and Shahid Tondgouyan petrochemical companies should plan to manage the risk and decrease it during the long term. In addition, the results of RPN based on PAHs demonstrated that, all the sampling stations can be classified as low environmental aspects, thus more control actions is not necessary but they should be monitored during their activity. Keywords: Ecological Risk, Environmental Impact Assessment, RPN, TPH, PAHs, AMBI, PETZONE, Musa Bay

Investigating the causes of human error-induced incidents in the maintenance operations of petrochemical industry by using HFACS

Background & Objectives: Maintenance is an important tool for the petrochemical industries to prevent of accidents and increase operational and process safety success. The purpose of this study was to identify the possible causes of incidents caused by human error in the petrochemical maintenance activities by using Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analysis that was conducted in Zagros Petrochemical Company, Asaluyeh-Iran. A checklist of human error-induced incidents was developed based on four HFACS main levels and nineteen sub-groups. Hierarchical task analysis (HTA) technique was used to identify maintenance activities and tasks. The main causes of possible incidents were identified by checklist and recorded. Corrective and preventive actions were defined depending on priority.   Results: The content analysis of worksheets of 444 activities showed 37.6% of the causes at the level of unsafe actions, 27.5% at the level of unsafe supervision, 20.9% at the level of preconditions for unsafe acts and 14% of the causes at the level of organizational effects. The HFACS sub-groups showed errors (24.36%) inadequate supervision (14.89%) and violations (13.26%) with the most frequency. Conclusion: In order to prevent and reduce the occurrence of the identified errors, reducing the rate of the detected errors is crucial. Findings of this study showed that appropriate controlling measures such as periodical training of work procedures and supervision improvement decrease the human error-induced incidents in petrochemical industry maintenance

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge reactor for Treatment of Wastewater from Vegetable Oil Industries

Background & Aims of the Study: Wastewater discharges from vegetable oil industry cause environmental problem, including pollution of groundwater and surface water. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficiency of Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) reactor for treatment of wastewater from Varamin vegetable oil industries. Materials & Methods: This was an experimental study. The anaerobic reactor and the aerobic reactor with sedimentation unit were made from polyethylene and plexiglas. The IFAS reactor was packed with ratio 70% by Honeycomb packing F 19-1. To create optimal growth conditions for microorganisms in anaerobic digestion, the COD/N/P ratio was adjusted to 300/5/1. Sampling and analysis of the total of the parameters studied at the system stability time during different times from the pilot output. Results: The results showed the high removal efficiency of the COD, BOD and TSS (97.9%, 98.2% and 98.8 %, for 2 day anaerobic and 8 hrs aerobic, respectively). Also, the highest COD removal efficiency was observed for these three parameters in the IFAS system at HRT 8 hrs aerobic (>99.7%, >97.7% and 97.6 %, respectively). Conclusion: In general, the results showed that industrial wastewater treatment methods using the IFAS biological reactor are a suitable method for the removal of pollutants and can replace conventional methods. Also, the efficiency of removing COD, BOD and TSS from plant effluent has been at the optimum level for all retention time managed by the IFAS system

طراحی پرسشنامه سلامت، ایمنی و محیط زیست عابران پیاده و گروه‌های آسیب‌پذیر

Background and Aims: The purpose of this research is to design and build a comprehensive questionnaire covering all three indicators of environment, safety and health for pedestrians and vulnerable groups based on structural equation modeling (SEM). Materials and Methods: Following the gathering of information to provide the basic foundations for the formulation of the necessary elements for the structures of this questionnaire, the 10th district of Shiraz was chosen as a statistical population given the existence of two neighborhoods with old and new textures. Totally, 383 pedestrians participated in the study with the approach of vulnerable groups living in this area. The formal, content, and structural validity of the questionnaire was assessed Data were analyzed through SPSS and LISREL software.  Ethical considerations were observed in all stages of the study. Results: The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire (ICC coefficient) was 0.875 with Cronbach's alpha of more than 0.7, indicating its proper reliability. The power of the relationship between the quality of safety and health was 0.64, demonstrating the optimal correlation between the variables. The t -test was also 13.04 and showed the significant correlation. Therefore, the quality of safety has a positive effect on health. Conclusion: The optimization of urban passages and spaces enables pedestrian, especially the vulnerable groups, to use their abilities and experiences in the best way for the development of the society. Also, they will be more active and thus less mental and physical problems and diseases will occur in these groups of people.زمینه و اهداف: هدف از این پژوهش طراحی و ساخت پرسشنامه‌ای جامع با پوشش هر سه شاخص‌های محیط زیست، ایمنی و سلامت برای عابرین پیاده و گروه‌های آسیب‌پذیر براساس مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری (SEM) است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش پس از گرد‌آوری اطلاعات، جهت طراحی و ساخت پرسشنامه، شهرداری منطقه 10 شیراز بدلیل وجود دو محله دارای بافت قدیمی و بافت جدید مد نظر قرار گرفت. جامعه آماری این پژوهش 383 نفر از عابرین پیاده با رویکرد گروه‌های آسیب‌پذیر ساکن در این منطقه بودند. جهت روایی پرسشنامه و بررسی گویه‌ها، ابتدا از روایی محتوایی و سپس روایی سازه بهره گرفته شد. تجزیه و تحليل داده‌هاي بدست آمده با استفاده نرم‌افزار آماري SPSS وLISREL  صورت گرفته است. رعایت ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل اجرای مطالعه درنظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: ضریب پایایی ابزار از طریق آزمون مجدد با ضریب  Iccبرای پرسشنامه 0/875 با آلفای کرونباخ بیش از 0/7 می‌باشد که نشان‌دهنده‌ی پایایی مناسب ابزار است. قدرت رابطه ميان کیفیت ایمنی و سلامت 0/64 بوده، كه نشان‌دهنده‌ی همبستگی مطلوب میان متغیرهاست. آماره t آزمون نيز 13/04بوده و نشان مي‌دهد همبستگي مشاهده شده معنادار است. بنابراين کیفیت ایمنی بر سلامت تاثير مثبت دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: مناسب‌سازی معابر و فضاهای شهری برای عابرین پیاده گروه‌های آسیب‌پذیر این قابلیت را ایجاد می‌کند تا از توانایی‌ها و تجربیات آنها به بهترین نحو در جهت رشد جامعه استفاده گردد و همچنین قابلیت حضور در جامعه و تحرک در این افراد بیشتر گردد و مشکلات و بیماری‌های روانی و جسمانی کمتری در این افراد بروز نماید

Quantitative assessment of health, safety, and environment (HSE) resilience based on the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in municipal solid waste management system: A case study in Tehran

Background: The health, safety, and environment (HSE) resilience is the ability of a system to adapt, resist and cope with the HSE risks in critical situations. In this study, the HSE resilience in solid waste management (SWM) system of Tehran was quantitatively assessed using HSE resilience index (HSE-RI). Methods: The principles and components of HSE-RI were determined and weighted based on the expert panel opinions using Delphi technique and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The HSE-RI scores were divided into five categories as very good (80-100), good (65-79), medium (50-64), weak (35-49), and very weak (0-34). Results: The weights of the HSE-RI principles in the SWM system were determined as follows: 0.376 for top management commitment, 0.149 for awareness and risk perception, 0.144 for preparedness, 0.144 for performance, 0.057 for reporting and just culture, 0.0574 for learning culture, 0.055 for flexibility, and 0.017 for redundancy. The highest and lowest scores of the resilience principles in the SWM system were related to the principles of awareness and risk perception (73.6), and reporting and just culture (45.1), respectively. The HSE-RI score in the SWM system was 62.9 (medium). Conclusion: The results of this study based on the Delphi method and AHP showed that the HSE resilience in the SWM system of Tehran was not at the desired level. The principles of top management commitment (with the highest weight), reporting and just culture and preparedness (with the lowest scores) were determined as the most effective points for improving the HSE resilience in the SWM system of Tehran