Identification and characterization of pathogenic viruses in aquatic animal using advanced techniques in order to develop rapid diagnostic kit (shrimp viral disease kit as well as TSV, HPV and MBV )

Shrimp production increasing rapidly in the world and in2013 the production reaches 4.2 MT. In Iran the shrimp production is under development and estimated in 1393, 20 thousand tons produced. In this regards the important subject is health and disease in shrimp farm. The white spot syndrome virus for second time appears in chabahar and damage many farms. Because the aquaculture activity expand in the world in national, regional and international scale, many emerge disease are endanger. In this regard the viral disease is very important and not only decrease the production but also has a side effect in business and national economy. For control and prevention the viral disease, the accurate methods such as PCR kit were developed. In this project the PCR methods with sensitivity, specificity and efficacy was designed and used for detection viral disease. Many viruses have several serotypes and in different area maybe new serotype induce the disease. For this reason, the specific kit will be design. Three viruses consist of MBV, TSV and IHHNV are very pathogenic in shrimp farm and need the specific PCR kit for detection them. In this project the MBV virus was identified and designs a new primer with Oligo software and the primer amplified a part of DNA with 185 bp in the gel. The specificity and sensitivity of primer were checked by IQ2000 Kit and the primer used for detection unknown samples

Transdifferentiation potential of adipose-derived stem cells into neural lineage and their application

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The effect of neurotrophic factors in multiple sclerosis treatment: A review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and multiphasic autoimmune disease which affecting the nervous system. Recently, neurotrophic factor secreting cells have been proposed as one of the best sources for cell therapy in MS disease. Therefore, this review study was done with aimed to introduce neurotrophic factor secreting cells and the role of neurotrophic factors in the treatment of MS. The present study, based on the Systematic Review and using multiple sclerosis, neurotrophin and cell therapy keywords, 98 articles were searched from various databases including Pubmed, SID, Springer, SinceDirect Magiran, Web of Sciences and the Google Scholar. After removing irrelevant and repetitive articles, 50 articles were selected. The results of these studies showed that cell-based therapies in MS have been designed with the aim of replacing destroyed cells or with the goal of neuronal support using neural growth factors. Neurotrophic factors secreting cells with the ability to migrate to neurological lesions and secretion of neurotrophic factors can play a major role in supporting neural tissue and preventing its destruction. These factors, through tyrosine kinase receptors, have a variety of effects on the development and proper functioning of neurons. On conclusion, neurotrophic factor secreting cells due to the secretion of a wide range of neural growth factors which required for neural development might be one of the ideal cell sources for cell-based therapy in MS disease

Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) lesions that can lead to severe physical or cognitive disability as well as neurological defects. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, the present documents illustrate that the cause of MS is multifactorial and include genetic predisposition together with environmental factors such as exposure to infectious agents, vitamin deficiencies, and smoking. These agents are able to trigger a cascade of events in the immune system which lead to neuronal cell death accompanied by nerve demyelination and neuronal dysfunction. Conventional therapies for MS are based on the use of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs, but these treatments are not able to stop the destruction of nerve tissue. Thus, other strategies such as stem cell transplantation have been proposed for the treatment of MS. Overall, it is important that neurologists be aware of current information regarding the pathogenesis, etiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of MS. Thus, this issue has been discussed according to recent available information

Evaluation of curcumin effects on improvement of muscle strength, prevention of oligodendrocytes and myelin damage in brain, in an animal model of multiple sclersosis (MS)

Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurodegenerative disease which is accompanied by neurological disability. Curcumin can be effective in prevention of this abnormal condition because of its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, its potent antioxidant effect and nerve protective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate curcumin effects on improvement of muscle strength, prevention of degradation of oligodendrocytes cells and myelin in rat brain. Materials and methods: Twenty eight rats (wt:200 g) were randomly divided into four groups: control, sham (DMSO), cuprizone and curcumin. Curcumin group, received cuprizone (0.6%) gavage and curcumin (200 mg / kg) simultaneously for four weeks. During the study we evaluated muscle strength by using a behavioral basket test, the percentage of cells expressing A2B5 and MBP markers by immunohistochemistry technique. Myelin density was evaluated by luxol fast blue staining. Using Image J and  SPSS softwares, the results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. Results: Immunohistochemistry images showed that the percentages of mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocytes progenitor cells in the curcumin group were significantly higher than those in the sham and cuprizone groups (p≤0.05). In addition, myelin density and muscle strength were higher in the curcumin group compared to those in the cuprizone and sham groups (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The consumption of natural compounds containing curcumin, can be effective in the prevention of oligodendrocytes and myelin destruction in people susceptible to MS

Co-Transplantation of Human Neurotrophic Factor Secreting Cells and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Objective The presence of neurotrophic factors is critical for regeneration of neural lesions. Here, we transplanted combination of neurotrophic factor secreting cells (NTF-SCs) and human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) into a lysolecithin model of multiple sclerosis (MS) and determined the myelinization efficiency of these cells. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 50 adult rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, lysolecithin, vehicle, hADSCs transplantation and NTF-SCs/ hADSCs co-transplantation group. Focal demyelization was induced by lysolecithin injection into the spinal cord. In order to assess motor functions, all rats were scored weekly with a standard experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis scoring scale before and after cell transplantation. Four weeks after cell transplantation, the extent of demyelination and remyelination were examined with Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. Also, immunofluorescence method was used for evaluation of oligodendrocyte differentiation markers including; myelin basic protein (MBP) and Olig2 in the lesion area. Results Histological study show somewhat remyelinzation in cell transplantation groups related to others. In addition, the immunofluorescence results indicated that the MBP and Olig2 positive labeled cells were significantly higher in co-cell transplantation group than hADSCs group (P<0.05). Also, outcome of motor functional test showed significant improvement function in cell transplantation groups, as compared to the others (P<0.01). Conclusion Our results indicated that the remyelinization process in co-cell transplantation group was better than other groups. Thus, NTF-SCs/ hADSCs transplantation can be proper candidate for cell based therapy in neurodegenerative diseases, such as MS

Remyelination improvement after neurotrophic factors secreting cells transplantation in rat spinal cord injury

Objective(s): Neurotrophic factors secreting cells (NTS-SCs) may be a superior cell source for cell-based therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. NTS-SCs are able to secrete some neurotrophic Such as nerve growth factor and glia-derived neurotrophic factor. Our primary aim was to assess transplantation of neurotrophic factor secreting cells derived from human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) into the damaged spinal cord rats and determine the potential of these cells in remyelination. Materials and Methods: To this end, 40 adult male Wistar rats were categorized into four groups including; control, lysolecithin (Lysophosphatidylcholines or LPC), vehicle, and NTS-SCs transplan-tation. Local demyelination was induced using LPC injection into the lateral column of spinal cord. Seven days after the lysolecithin lesion, the cells transplantation was performed. The ultrastructure of myelinated fibers was examined with a transmission electron microscope to determine the extent of myelin destruction and remyelinization 4 weeks post cell transplantation. Moreover, the presence of oligodendrocyte in the lesion of spinal cord was assessed by immunohistochemistry procedure. Results: The results of current study indicated that in NTF-SCs transplantation group, the remyelination process and the mean of myelin sheath thickness as well as axonal diameters were significantly higher than other groups (

Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on mouse epididymis and deferens ducts

Background: Considerable attention is focused on effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) and its increasing use in everyday life. Appliances and various equipments are sources of electromagnetic fields with a wide-range of technical characteristics. Objective: In this study we investigated the effect of EMF (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) on epididymis and deferens duct in mice. Materials and Methods: 30 BALB/C mice were selected and divided into three groups (control, sham and experimental). While control and sham groups were not exposed to EMF, the experimental group was exposed to EMF (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) 4 hours a day, 6 days per week and for 2 months. At the end of 2 months, the mice were sacrificed, dissected and samples from epididymis and vas deferens in all groups were taken and processed for light microscopic studies. 40 microscopic fields from each group were randomly selected. The diameters and the height of epithelial cells of epididymis and deferens duct in 3 groups were measured and compared using statistical methods. Results: The data showed that the mean diameter of epididymis and deferens duct in EMF group was significantly decreased compared to the control group (p=0.001). The height of epithelial cells in epididymis and deferens duct in EMF group was considerably reduced compared to the control and sham groups (p=0.001). In addition, the weight of testes in EMF group was significantly decreased compared to the control and sham groups (p<0.007). Conclusion: It could be concluded that the exposure to EMF leads to detrimental effects on male reproductive system in mice as seen by a decrease in diameter of reproductive ducts, the height of epithelial cells and weight of testes

Molecular epidemiology of aminoglycosides resistance in acinetobacter spp. with emergence of multidrug-resistant strains

Background: Acinetobacter spp. is characterized as an important nosocomial pathogen and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Our aim was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility and aminoglycosides resistance genes of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from hospitalized patients. Methods: Sixty isolates were identified as Acinetobacter species. The isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance by disc diffusion method for 12 antimicrobials. The presence of aphA6, aacCl aadAl, and aadB genes were detected using PCR. Results: From the isolated Acinetobacter spp. the highest resistance rate showed against amikacin, tobramycin, and cef-tazidim, respectively; while isolated bacteria were more sensitive to ampicillic/subactam. More than 66 of the isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics, and 27.5 of MDR strains were resistant to all seven tested classes of antimicrobials. The higher MDR rate presented in bacteria isolated from the ICU and blood samples. More than 60 of the MDR bacteria were resistance to amikacin, ceftazidim, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, doxycycline, tobramycin and levofloxacin. Also, more than 60 of the isolates contained phosphotransferase aphA6, and acetyltransferase genes aacC1, but adenylyltransferase genes aadA1 (41.7), and aadB (3.3) were less prominent. 21.7 of the strains contain three aminoglycoside resistance genes (aphA6, aacCl and aadAl). Conclusion: The rising trend of resistance to aminoglycosides poses an alarming threat to treatment of such infections. The findings showed that clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. in our hospital carrying various kinds of aminoglycoside resistance genes

Neurotrophic factors and their effects in the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Neurotrophins are small molecules of polypeptides, which include nerve growth factor (NGF) family, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands, and neuropoietic cytokines. These factors have an important role in neural regeneration, remyelination, and regulating the development of the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively) by intracellular signaling through specific receptors. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative disorders may be due to an alteration in the neurotrophic factors and their receptors. The use of neurotrophic factors as therapeutic agents is a novel strategy for restoring and maintaining neuronal function during neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, autoimmune and mesenchymal stem cells, by the release of neurotrophic factors, have the ability to protect neuronal population and can efficiently suppress the formation of new lesions. So, these cells may be an alternative source for delivering neurotrophic factors into the CNS