Dispositif De Formation Et D’évaluation Du Stage De Fin De Cycle : Premiers Constats

The evolution of society brings new requirements for the citizen of tomorrow and consequently to the future's school. It is the duty of every society to worry about the support provided for the citizen's construction. The school being a key in the development of the individual, the main actors of this system must be properly supported in their training. The reform concerning training of teachers in Morocco is a part of the professionalization process through the creation of Regional Centers of Educational Professions and Training (CRMEF) who have a qualifying mission. These centers complement the training begun in the university education tracks (FUE). Previous training of Moroccan teacher who was held in the teacher training schools (ENS) included a significant practical training. However, capitalization of experiences from one year to another was insufficient. Leaving few traces the efforts made were not shown at fair value. In this work, we stopped on training, coaching and evaluation methods used on the Master specialized on educational professions provided in teacher training school (ENS) which is an institution in Cadi Ayyad University at Marrakesh. In this context, we propose a system which takes into account the different components of the activity of training. We assume that one of the advantages of this device is the reflexive dimension brought by the competence approach both for the teacher and the student. A second interest lies in the method adopted to evaluate the productions of trainees, like a competency referential to validate through a distance learning platform

Morocco and Its Quest to Become a Regional Driver for Sustainable Energy

This publication is part of the MENARA Future Notes series which in the form of policy briefs analyse ongoing events in the SEMCs and Middle East region, emphasising the implications for the EU, suggesting the best policy options and assessing plausible and preferable future scenarios. This Future Note analyses how Morocco is driving growth in renewable energy in the Middle East and North Africa region. After giving an overview of the electricity sector’s role in de-carbonizing Morocco’s energy system, the paper sheds light on the enabling environment, in terms of the regulatory, policy and institutional framework as well as financing while also underlining the challenges to a wider scale deployment of renewables in the country. The paper also treats the issue of regional integration and embeddedness and how energy infrastructure well embeds Morocco both at the regional and the international levels

How Can Renewable Energy Help Contribute to the Development of the MENA Countries?

Increasing energy demand, for electricity in particular, and energy security concerns, a sharp cost reduction in renewable energy technologies and socio-economic benefits as well as environmental issues are all considerations that have played an important role in advancing the deployment of renewable energy technologies throughout the world. The MENA region is no exception, and it could benefit significantly from a wide-scale deployment of renewable energy. The MENA region currently hosts a minor share of total global renewable electricity capacity, and its development is especially low in energy-exporting countries. In recent years, several targets have been set by MENA countries for the development of renewable energy technologies but the implementation speed has been disappointing so far, with the exception of few countries. Based on the analysis conducted in this note, real potential impact could be gained should the renewable energy national plans and objectives announced by the individual governments be achieved in a timely manner. This publication is part of the MENARA Future Notes series which in the form of policy briefs analyse ongoing events in the SEMCs and Middle East region, emphasising the implications for the EU, suggesting the best policy options and assessing plausible and preferable future scenarios

Piezoelectric sensor for testing seed meters

Agricultural Engineerin

Évaluation de la compaction d'un vertisol par pénétromètrie horizontale et verticale

L’agriculture moderne pousse à utiliser intensivement des machines agricoles lourdes. Le trafic de ces machines peut entraîner une compaction du sol et influencer considérablement leurs propriétés physiques, en l’occurrence la densité apparente et la porosité, limitant ainsi le stockage de l’eau et l’aération du sol. Par conséquent, le développement racinaire et la croissance des plantes sont entravés. Afin d’évaluer la compaction dans un vertisol, un outil de mesures horizontales a été développé et comparé avec un pénétromètre vertical à cône. L’outil de mesure est basé sur un châssis muni d’un soc et vérin hydraulique couplé à un capteur de pression hydraulique (Bosch®, P max=1500 Bars). Le pénétromètre (cône V) a été aussi connecté à un capteur de pression hydraulique équivalent pour évaluer l’effort de pénétration verticale. Les résultats obtenus avec la méthode horizontale ont permis de montrer des zones de compactions tenant compte des variations de voltage acquises dans différents points mesurés sur le site expérimental. Les variations de voltage obtenues au milieu (473,5 - 630,8 mV) et dans l’extrémité (480 mV-700 mV) du site sont relatives aux efforts de pénétration (0,002 - 4,60 MPa) et (0,002 - 7,27 MPa), respectivement. Par ailleurs, la méthode verticale a permis de détecter des mesures de 694 mV (7,04 MPa) et 935 mV (16,33 MPa) respectivement au milieu et aux extrémités du site. Les résultats obtenus ont montré qu’il y a un problème de compaction dans le site étudié et la recherche des aspects physico-chimiques et de gestion du sol peuvent déceler les raisons de la vulnérabilité du vertisol à la compaction et aider à optimiser le mode de travail du sol. Mots-clés: Vertisol, Compaction, Vulnérabilité, Pénétromètre horizontal, Pénétromètre vertical.  Modern agriculture is pushing to intensively use heavy agricultural machinery. The traffic of those machines can lead to soil compaction and considerably influence soil physical properties such as bulk density and porosity and thus limiting storage of water and soil aeration. As a result, root development and plant growth are impeded. In order to evaluate compaction in a vertisol, a horizontal measurement tool was developed and compared with a vertical cone penetrometer. The measuring tool is based on a chassis equipped with furrow opener and hydraulic cylinder coupled to a hydraulic pressure sensor (Bosch®, P max = 1500 Bars). The penetrometer (V cone) was also connected to an equivalent hydraulic pressure sensor to evaluate the vertical penetration force. The results obtained from the horizontal method showed compaction zones measured by voltage variations from different points of the experimental site. The voltage variations obtained in the middle (473.5 - 630.8 mV) and in the extremities (480 mV-700 mV) of the site are relative, respectively, to the penetration forces (0.002 - 4.60 MPa) and (0.002 - 7,27 MPa). Also, the vertical method allowed the detection of 694 mV (7.04 MPa) and 935 mV (16.33 MPa) measurements respectively in the middle and in the extremities of the site. The results obtained showed that there was a problem of soil compaction in the studied site and that physico-chemical aspects and soil management can indicate reasons for the vulnerability of vertisol to compaction and help to optimize soil management. Keywords: Vertisol, Compaction, Vulnerability, Horizontal penetrometer, Vertical penetrometer

Evaluation of vertisol compaction by horizontal and vertical penetrometry methods

Modern agriculture is pushing to intensively use heavy agricultural machinery. The traffic of those machines can lead to soil compaction and considerably influence soil physical properties such as bulk density and porosity and thus limiting storage of water and soil aeration. As a result, root development and plant growth are impeded. In order to evaluate compaction in a vertisol, a horizontal measurement tool was developed and compared with a vertical cone penetrometer. The measuring tool is based on a chassis equipped with furrow opener and hydraulic cylinder coupled to a hydraulic pressure sensor (Bosch®, P max = 1500 Bars). The penetrometer (V cone) was also connected to an equivalent hydraulic pressure sensor to evaluate the vertical penetration force. The results obtained from the horizontal method showed compaction zones measured by voltage variations from different points of the experimental site. The voltage variations obtained in the middle (473.5 - 630.8 mV) and in the extremities (480 mV-700 mV) of the site are relative, respectively, to the penetration forces (0.002 - 4.60 MPa) and (0.002 - 7,27 MPa). Also, the vertical method allowed the detection of 694 mV (7.04 MPa) and 935 mV (16.33 MPa) measurements respectively in the middle and in the extremities of the site. The results obtained showed that there was a problem of soil compaction in the studied site and that physico-chemical aspects and soil management can indicate reasons for the vulnerability of vertisol to compaction and help to optimize soil management

Évaluation de la compaction d'un vertisol par pénétromètrie horizontale et verticale

L’agriculture moderne pousse à utiliser intensivement des machines agricoles lourdes. Le trafic de ces machines peut entraîner une compaction du sol et influencer considérablement leurs propriétés physiques, en l’occurrence la densité apparente et la porosité, limitant ainsi le stockage de l’eau et l’aération du sol. Par conséquent, le développement racinaire et la croissance des plantes sont entravés. Afin d’évaluer la compaction dans un vertisol, un outil de mesures horizontales a été développé et comparé avec un pénétromètre vertical à cône. L’outil de mesure est basé sur un châssis muni d’un soc et vérin hydraulique couplé à un capteur de pression hydraulique (Bosch®, P max=1500 Bars). Le pénétromètre (cône V) a été aussi connecté à un capteur de pression hydraulique équivalent pour évaluer l’effort de pénétration verticale. Les résultats obtenus avec la méthode horizontale ont permis de montrer des zones de compactions tenant compte des variations de voltage acquises dans différents points mesurés sur le site expérimental. Les variations de voltage obtenues au milieu (473,5 - 630,8 mV) et dans l’extrémité (480 mV-700 mV) du site sont relatives aux efforts de pénétration (0,002 - 4,60 MPa) et (0,002 - 7,27 MPa), respectivement. Par ailleurs, la méthode verticale a permis de détecter des mesures de 694 mV (7,04 MPa) et 935 mV (16,33 MPa) respectivement au milieu et aux extrémités du site. Les résultats obtenus ont montré qu’il y a un problème de compaction dans le site étudié et la recherche des aspects physico-chimiques et de gestion du sol peuvent déceler les raisons de la vulnérabilité du vertisol à la compaction et aider à optimiser le mode de travail du sol. Mots-clés: Vertisol, Compaction, Vulnérabilité, Pénétromètre horizontal, Pénétromètre vertical.  Modern agriculture is pushing to intensively use heavy agricultural machinery. The traffic of those machines can lead to soil compaction and considerably influence soil physical properties such as bulk density and porosity and thus limiting storage of water and soil aeration. As a result, root development and plant growth are impeded. In order to evaluate compaction in a vertisol, a horizontal measurement tool was developed and compared with a vertical cone penetrometer. The measuring tool is based on a chassis equipped with furrow opener and hydraulic cylinder coupled to a hydraulic pressure sensor (Bosch®, P max = 1500 Bars). The penetrometer (V cone) was also connected to an equivalent hydraulic pressure sensor to evaluate the vertical penetration force. The results obtained from the horizontal method showed compaction zones measured by voltage variations from different points of the experimental site. The voltage variations obtained in the middle (473.5 - 630.8 mV) and in the extremities (480 mV-700 mV) of the site are relative, respectively, to the penetration forces (0.002 - 4.60 MPa) and (0.002 - 7,27 MPa). Also, the vertical method allowed the detection of 694 mV (7.04 MPa) and 935 mV (16.33 MPa) measurements respectively in the middle and in the extremities of the site. The results obtained showed that there was a problem of soil compaction in the studied site and that physico-chemical aspects and soil management can indicate reasons for the vulnerability of vertisol to compaction and help to optimize soil management. Keywords: Vertisol, Compaction, Vulnerability, Horizontal penetrometer, Vertical penetrometer

A critical assessment of conservation agriculture among smallholders in the Mediterranean region: adoption pathways inspired by agroecological principles

Conservation agriculture (CA) is the key agricultural soil management approach for Mediterranean rainfed systems facing extreme droughts and soil degradation. Yet, CA uptake and applicability is still marginal and disputed in the Mediterranean region, where smallholder farmers are most representative. Lack of widespread adoption of CA in the Mediterranean region despite international efforts is perplexing. In order to investigate this paradox and provide solutions, we set out to examine the perceived constraints to CA implementation among farmers and stakeholders. Our approach is based on systems analysis of Mediterranean grain production systems, considering plant and livestock production, as well as sustainability and social-ecological interactions. CA promotion efforts are rarely adapted to the context of the Mediterranean region. We argue for adopting a more pragmatic and flexible approach to CA. Such an approach should be based on site-specific bio-physical and sociocultural considerations and augmented with principles of agroecology. Our review of perceived constraints allows us to suggest five pathways that could promote CA adoption in the Mediterranean across two main areas: (i) introduction of flexible, context-specific technical solutions and (ii) change of social perceptions and literacy on soil. Our five pathways aim to enhance farmers’ resilience to challenges of climate and market shocks, while integrating agroecological principles that enhance ecosystem multifunctionality. We advocate using agroecological principles to enable a more pragmatic application of CA with respect to its strict application—such as continuous no-till—to rehabilitate degraded lands, to increase water use efficiency, and to improve food security and economic well-being of communities in the Mediterranean region

Impact of heat treatment and acid gelation on polyphenol enriched milk samples

The effects of heat treatment and the stage of polyphenol addition to milk before or after heat treatment on the total phenolic content (TPC), ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), pH, casein micelle size (CMS) and whey protein denaturation content of milk-polyphenol mixtures were investigated. Four sources of phenolic compounds (green tea, white grape, tannic acid, gallic acid) were incorporated into pasteurized-skim milk. A heat treatment (85 °C for 30 min) was applied to pasteurized-skim milk either before (MhP) or after polyphenols addition (MhPh). Acid milk gels were produced using MhPh samples, and their TPC and FRAP were determined. Heat treatment decreased the TPC and FRAP values of the samples, except for tannic acid, probably due to increased polyphenol-protein interactions. However, MhPh tannic acid sample resulted in significantly higher FRAP value than MhP. The addition of gallic acid before heat treatment (MhPh) significantly increased CMS due to the lower pH of this sample during heating. Acid gelation decreased the extractable polyphenols, however there was no significant different on FRAP between acid gel and MhPh milk samples. This study showed that the properties of phenolic source, particularly pH, and the stage of polyphenol addition to milk had an impact on selected properties