Physical properties of olive

 B. Ghamary1,2, A. Rajabipour1, A. M. Borghei1, H. Sadeghi3(1. Agricultural Machinery Department., Faculty of Biosystems Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj,Iran; 2. Ilam University, Ilam, Iran;3. Agricultural Machinery Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran) Abstract: Physical properties of olive, a fruit of paradise, and of other agricultural products are important factors in the design of processing, grading, transporting and other agricultural machinery.  As an initial step to help improve the design of the machinery, in this research physical characteristics of two varieties of local olives, “yellow olive” and “oily olive”, were studied. Having been randomly collected during harvest season, for each olive sample three basic diameters, weight, and volume were measured and the following physical characteristics were estimated.  For yellow olive and oily olive, the averages of geometric mean diameter were 20.04 mm and 18.28 mm respectively and their sphericties were 0.81 and 0.79 respectively.  Application of regression analysis addressing the relationship between the volume and weight of each variety of olive yielded a significant relationship.  Also, the volume of the olive samples was compared with that of an assumed ellipsoid shape, which again indicated a significant relationship.  Finally, the correlation sought between olive flesh and the whole olive fruit was similarly found to be quite significant.Keywords: Olive, physical properties, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, Iran Citation: Ghamary B, A. Rajabipour, A. M. Borghei, H. Sadeghi.  Physical properties of olive.  Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2010, 12(2): 104-110. &nbsp

The driver responses to the vibration of tractor

Whole body vibration is one of the main causes of musculoskeletal disorders of drivers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the allowable exposer time, the care limit and driver response to the vibrations of the seat of ITM 475 Tractor. A three-way accelerometer was used to carry out the tests in the present study based on the ISO 2631-1 international vibration standard. The studied factors were engine rotational speed at three levels of 1000, 1500 and 2000 rpms, gear ratio (1, 2 and 3) and road at two level, dirt and asphalt. The obtained data were analyzed through factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 18 treatments and three replications. The results showed that effects of the main factors and those of their interactions on the total vibration emitted from the tractor seat were significant at 1% probability level. The highest amount of whole body vibration on a dirt road was 1.49 m s-2 which took placed at 2000 rpm and the 3rd gear ratio. Consequently, the minimum exposure time and the driver care time limit were 1.16 and 0.14 h, respectively. This treatment was in very uncomfortable range. The maximum whole body vibration for 8 h ride on ITM 475 was 0.85 m s-2. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce whole body vibration of the studied tractor via designing a cabin and/or a new seat

Development of Corrosion-Resistant Equipment for Tomato Paste Production using Nanoparticle Coating

Tomato paste is processed in industrial factories by means of systems and equipment that are mostly made of metal (mainly steel AISI 304). A lifelong problem in producing tomato paste is the entering of heavy metals into the tomato paste due to the reaction between the tomato juice and the metal surface. Heavy metals, even in small quantities in tomato paste, endanger human health. Nano coating is widely considered among the best methods of control and prevention of corrosion. The aim of this research is to study the effect of Titanium Oxide (TiO2) nanoparticle coating in constructing corrosion-resistant equipment in tomato paste production. The steel samples AISI304 were covered with a thin layer of Titanium Oxide nanoparticle using electrophoretic. A corrosion simulator system was developed to measure the rate corrosion. The tests were conducted in a completely randomized factorial design with two factors and three replications. Tomato juice solution was tested in three temperature levels of 60, 70 and 80 °C and four coating voltages of 0, 10, 15 and 20 Volt. Results showed that Titanium Oxide nanoparticle coating significantly increased the corrosion resistance of AISI 304 steel in reacting with tomato juice. Increasing in temperature from 60 to 80 °C enhanced the rate of corrosion in all samples to 46.2%. Samples with coating voltages of 10, 15 and 20 Volt decreased the corrosion speed to 85.2%, 79% and 67.6%, respectively

Determination and Evaluation of the energy consumption of grape production in Eyvan county (Ilam province)

Grape is one of the most important fruits that has a long history of cultivation and production in our country. Effective use of energy in agriculture is one of the main reasons for the emergence of sustainable agriculture. It reduces environmental problems and pollution, prevents the destruction of natural resources and preserves fossil fuels. Energy analysis is also essential for the proper management of scarce resources to improve agricultural production and thereby identify efficient and economical production activities. In this research, determination and evaluation the energy consumption of grape production in Eyvan county (Ilam province). In the present study, the required data were collected from the presence method and a questionnaire was collected from the grape producers in the county of Eyvan in 2019. The number of questionnaires was calculated using Cochran's equation and was 177. According to the collected data, the results showed that the weighted average of energy efficiency, energy efficiency, net energy and energy in the studied gardens was 5.44, 0.67 Kg mJ-1 and 126049.60 MJ ha-1 and 1.48 MJ kg-1. The share of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energy of total energy consumption was calculated as 54.68, 45.32, 22.47 and 77.53%, respectively. ‌‌‌ The Results of sensitivity analysis of energy inputs to investigate the effect of increasing or decreasing inputs on product performance showed that 56.63% of total production costs were related to variable costs and 43.37% of total production costs related to fixed costs. The total amount of input and output energy was 28364.25 and 154413.86 MJ.ha-1, respectively. The net profit (net profit) for canola was 454963010 Rials, which shows that the production of canola in the region has economic justification