Recent Advances of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Biological Lipid Bilayer Membranes

Lipid Bilayer Membranes (LBMs) form the cellular boundaries that biologically and chemically separate the intracellular from the extracellular environment for biological cells. They also encapsulate many cellular organelles such as the Golgi Apparatus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. With remarkably high flexibility, they form very complex and robust conformations such as in the Golgi apparatus; consequently, the mechanical dynamics and electrical characteristics of LBMs are the subjects of active research. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is an efficient and widely used method for characterizing the dielectric properties of biological systems. Unlike dielectrophoresis, EIS is non-invasive and does not need labeling to measure the dielectric properties. In addition to that, it is based on an electrical impedance model, which can be much more accurately described, when compared to the fluid mosaic model, and the classical bilayer mechanics theory, and other models that attempted to describe the dynamics of LBMs. In this work, we investigate the recent advances in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of biological lipid bilayer membranes, and compare the results of different works reported in literature on biological phospholipid bilayer membranes. Values of electrical resistivity\u27s of phospholipid bilayer membranes that are reported in literature vary by as much as six orders of magnitude

Investigating various parts of the nervous system to model motion

The motion control system involves a complex network of structures that are observed at all levels of the central nervous system. Different parts of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, and basal ganglia, have an important role in the motion system. Motion commands are transmitted through the motor neurons in the spinal cord to the muscles and motion organs. At the level of the spinal cord, some control operations are performed on the motion system, such as reflexes and adjustment of motor neuron coefficients. The harmonious and complex movements that require skill are performed through the circuits that exist between the cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. In this study, we examine the factors affecting movement and describe the role of each item in a specialized way