Experimental Study of Deltamethrin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in the Rat Model

The purpose of this study was to determine the nephrotoxic effect of deltamethrin in experimental animals at a dose of 43.5mg/kg (1/2 LD50). Materials and Methods: For the experiment, 48 male Wistar rats with a body weight of 240±10g were divided into 4 groups of 12 animals each. Groups 1 and 3 were control groups, which were administered a physiological solution intragastrically. The animals in Groups 2 and 4 received a single dose (43.5mg/kg) of the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin, which corresponds to 1/2 LD50. Rats were withdrawn from the experiment in two stages: 1) rats in Groups 1 and 2 – one day after the deltamethrin administration; 2) rats in Groups 3 and 4 – 3 days after the deltamethrin administration. Biochemical and pathomorphological changes in the kidneys were evaluated. The evaluation criteria were the content of pyruvate, inorganic phosphate, and glutathione and the activity of glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the kidneys. Histological preparations of kidney tissue were studied. Results: The single administration of a toxic dose of deltamethrin caused a decrease in body weight of rats, an increase in kidney weight, and the accumulation of pyruvate and inorganic phosphate in the kidneys. A decrease in the GSH content in the kidney was accompanied by an increase in the activity of GPx, GR and GST. One day after the experiment, in the convoluted tubules, epithelial cells with blurred contours of the boundaries were enlarged; and the granularity of the cytoplasm containing vacuoles was expressed. The nuclei of epithelial cells had different sizes; some of them were in a state of pycnosis. In the organ parenchyma, large and small blood vessels full of blood were visible. Three days after the intoxication, these symptoms became more pronounced. In the intertubular connective tissue, hemorrhages and leukocyte infiltrates were detected. Conclusion: The study confirms the nephrotoxic effect of a single toxic dose (43.5mg/kg [1/2LD50]) of deltamethrin. Pathomorphological changes in the kidneys are accompanied by the disturbances in energy metabolism and activation of the glutathione antioxidant system with the development of glutathione deficiency

Analysis of the range of drugs registered in the Russian Federation to control parasitic infections in pigs

The purpose of the research is the analysis of the range of antiparasitic drugs for pig breeding as registered in the Russian Federation and included in the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use.The control of parasitic diseases is an essential element of veterinary support for animal husbandry, and its constituent part is the use of antiparasitic drugs. The State Register contains more than three hundred drugs to control parasitic infections of animals of various species. Forty-eight drugs are allowed for use in pig breeding. The analysis of drug compositions found that they contained a limited list of compounds as active substances. For example, 17 antiparasitic drugs contained compounds of the avermectin class as active substances (12 of them had ivermectin as the active substance); 8 drugs against endoparasites contained albendazole in their composition. At the same time, the composition of combined drugs lack distinction and is a combination of two or more active substances produced in mono-preparations. To prevent the resistance in parasites, it is advisable to use a minimum required list of drugs which allows the availability of a reserve for drug rotation in the future. Simultaneous or sequential use of different drugs (including insectoacaricides based on neonicotinoids or synthetic pyrethroids to treat premises in the presence of animals) complicates the assessment of the individual drug effect on animal health and can induce immunological stress, which creates favorable conditions for infectious diseases including opportunistic infections

Анализ ассортимента зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации препаратов для борьбы с паразитозами свиней

The purpose of the research is the analysis of the range of antiparasitic drugs for pig breeding as registered in the Russian Federation and included in the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use.The control of parasitic diseases is an essential element of veterinary support for animal husbandry, and its constituent part is the use of antiparasitic drugs. The State Register contains more than three hundred drugs to control parasitic infections of animals of various species. Forty-eight drugs are allowed for use in pig breeding. The analysis of drug compositions found that they contained a limited list of compounds as active substances. For example, 17 antiparasitic drugs contained compounds of the avermectin class as active substances (12 of them had ivermectin as the active substance); 8 drugs against endoparasites contained albendazole in their composition. At the same time, the composition of combined drugs lack distinction and is a combination of two or more active substances produced in mono-preparations. To prevent the resistance in parasites, it is advisable to use a minimum required list of drugs which allows the availability of a reserve for drug rotation in the future. Simultaneous or sequential use of different drugs (including insectoacaricides based on neonicotinoids or synthetic pyrethroids to treat premises in the presence of animals) complicates the assessment of the individual drug effect on animal health and can induce immunological stress, which creates favorable conditions for infectious diseases including opportunistic infections.Цель исследований – анализ ассортимента противопаразитарных препаратов для свиноводства, зарегистрированных на территории РФ и представленных в Государственном реестре лекарственных средств для ветеринарного применения.Контроль паразитарных болезней является обязательным элементом ветеринарного сопровождения животноводства, а его составляющей частью – применение противопаразитарных препаратов. В Государственном реестре представлено более трехсот препаратов для борьбы с паразитозами животных разных видов. Для применения в свиноводстве разрешены 48 препаратов. При анализе состава препаратов установлено, что в качестве действующих веществ они содержат ограниченный перечень соединений. Например, 17 противопаразитарных препаратов в качестве действующих веществ содержат соединения класса авермектинов (у 12 из них действующим веществом является ивермектин); 8 препаратов против эндопаразитов в своем составе содержат альбендазол. При этом состав комбинированных препаратов не отличается оригинальностью и представляет сочетание двух или нескольких действующих веществ, представленных в монопрепаратах. Для профилактики развития резистентности у паразитов целесообразно применять минимально необходимый перечень препаратов, что позволяет в будущем иметь резерв для ротации лекарственных средств. Одновременное или последовательное использование разных препаратов (в том числе, инсектоакарицидов на основе неоникотиноидов или синтетических пиретроидов для обработки помещений в присутствии животных) усложняет учет влияния отдельных препаратов на здоровье животных и может индуцировать развитие иммунологического стресса, что создает благоприятные условия для возникновения инфекционных болезней, в том числе оппортунистических инфекций

Impact of Acute Deltamethrin Poisoning on Rat Adrenal Glands: Biochemical and Pathomorphological Study

Background: Deltamethrin is known all over the world as an effective preparation for the control of insects. In connection with this, its role as a chemical stressor increases. The aim of the study was to determine the features of the functioning and structure of AG after a single administration of synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin in experimental animals at a dose of 17.4 mg/kg (1/5 LD50). Material and Methods: For the experiment, 88 male Wistar rats with a body weight of 240±10 g were divided into 8 groups of 10–12 animals each. Groups 1, 3, 5, and 7 were control groups, which were administered physiological solution intragastrically. The animals in Groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 received a single dose (17.4mg/kg) of deltamethrin, which corresponds to 1/5 LD50. In the serum of rats, the content of ACTH, progesterone, DHEA-sulfate, corticosterone and aldosterone was determined by EIA. Histological preparations of adrenal glands were stained with H&E, picrofuxin according to Van Gieson, and with Bismarck brown according to Shubich. On frozen sections, lipids were detected by Sudan Black B. Results: One day after intoxication, we identified an increase in adrenal mass, edema of the parenchyma and blood capillary overflow, and a large number of lipids in corticocytes. In the blood serum, the concentration of ACTH and corticosteroids increased, but their level decreased in the adrenal cortex. After 3 days, the concentration of corticosterone in the blood serum of the experimental animals remained above the control value, but the content of other hormones decreased. At the border of the cortex and the medulla of the adrenal glands, there were mast cells in a state of degranulation; the amount of lipids decreased with time. In the subsequent terms of the study, a decrease in the weight of AG with a decrease in the concentration of hormones in the blood serum and adrenal tissue was detected. Conclusion: The intoxication of rats with deltamethrin causes morphofunctional changes in AG that characterize the development of the stress response. The hormonal background is not restored within a month, which indicates the possibility of developing post-toxic complications