Economic Impacts of Alternative Sized Dairies in South Dakota

South Dakota dairy production is declining in terms of number of dairy farms, number of dairy cows and volume of milk production. To reverse the decline, state policy makers and local action groups have worked to encourage dairy development, which has emerged primarily in South Dakota’s Interstate-29 (I-29) corridor. The milk production industry is trending towards larger units leading to a struggle between producers, local policy makers, and residents regarding locating larger dairy operations in eastern South Dakota. Therefore, it is important to know the economic impact of the dairy industry within South Dakota so informed decisions regarding the future of dairy within the state are made. Separate production functions were developed for a “representative” 150 head dairy farm and 1000 head dairy farm in eastern South Dakota from farm data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The IMPLAN, Input-Output Model for Planning, was used to evaluate dairy expansion and contraction scenarios for a local, six county study area as well as the state of South Dakota. The economic impact of both the 150 head and 1000 head dairy model was positive. The 1000 head dairy generally had higher multipliers resulting from increased fee and wholesale purchases. The 150 head dairy model, which internalized the production of feedstuffs, demonstrated high value-added multipliers than the 1000 head dairy model. Output, employment, and value-added multipliers were developed for the cheese manufacturing industry, a forward linked industry of dairy production, to determine the impact of a hypothetical increase in cheese production associated with an increase in dairy production. The cheese manufacturing multipliers were higher than that of either dairy model, suggesting the need to maintain a certain level of dairy production within the state. Which will in turn maintain processing capacity

Economic Impacts of Alternative Sized Dairy Farms in South Dakota

South Dakota dairy industry has shifted toward large operations to offset declining numbers of dairy cows and milk production stemming from rapid exodus of smaller (Dariy Farms, Farm Size, farm technology

South Dakota Agricultural Land Market Trends: 1991-2004

Agricultural land values and cash rental rates in South Dakota, by region and by state, are the primary topics of this report. Target audiences for this report are farmers and ranchers, landowners, agricultural professionals (lenders, rural appraisers, professional farm managers), and policy makers interested in agricultural land market trends. This report contains the results of the 2004 SDSU South Dakota Farm Real Estate Market Survey, the 14th annual SDSU survey developed to estimate agricultural land values and cash rental rates by land use in different regions of South Dakota

South Dakota Agricultural Land Market Trends: 1991-2005

Agricultural land values and cash rental rates in South Dakota, by region and by state, are the primary topics of this report. Target audiences are farmers and ranchers, landowners, agricultural professionals (lenders, rural appraisers, professional farm managers), and policy makers interested in agricultural land market trends. This report contains the results of the 2005 SDSU South Dakota Farm Real Estate Market Survey, the 15th annual SDSU survey developed to estimate agricultural land values and cash rental rates by land use in different regions of South Dakota

Crystallization of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films by nano- and femtosecond single laser pulse irradiation

The amorphous to crystalline phase transformation of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) films by UV nanosecond (ns) and femtosecond (fs) single laser pulse irradiation at the same wavelength is compared. Detailed structural information about the phase transformation is collected by x-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The threshold fluences to induce crystallization are determined for both pulse lengths. A large difference between ns and fs pulse irradiation was found regarding the grain size distribution and morphology of the crystallized films. For fs single pulse irradiated GST thin films, columnar grains with a diameter of 20 to 60 nm were obtained as evidenced by cross-sectional TEM analysis. The local atomic arrangement was investigated by highresolution Cs-corrected scanning TEM. Neither tetrahedral nor off-octahedral positions of Ge-atoms could be observed in the largely defect-free grains. A high optical reflectivity contrast (~25%) between amorphous and completely crystallized GST films was achieved by fs laser irradiation induced at fluences between 13 and 16 mJ/cm2 and by ns laser irradiation induced at fluences between 67 and 130 mJ/cm2. Finally, the fluence dependent increase of the reflectivity is discussed in terms of each photon involved into the crystallization process for ns and fs pulses, respectively

Determining the incidence and risk factors for short-term complications following distal biceps tendon repair

Background Distal biceps rupture is a relatively uncommon injury that can significantly affect quality of life. Early complications following biceps tendon repair are not well described in the literature. This study utilizes a national surgical database to determine the incidence of and predictors for short-term complications following distal biceps tendon repair. Methods The American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to identify patients undergoing distal biceps repair between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2017. Patient demographic variables of sex, age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, functional status, and several comorbidities were collected for each patient, along with 30-day postoperative complications. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate risk ratios for these complications using patient predictor variables. Results Early postoperative surgical complications (0.5%)—which were mostly infections (0.4%)—and medical complications (0.3%) were rare. A readmission risk factor was diabetes (risk ratio [RR], 4.238; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.180–15.218). Non-home discharge risk factors were smoking (RR, 3.006; 95% CI, 1.123–8.044) and ≥60 years of age (RR, 4.150; 95% CI, 1.611– 10.686). Maleness was protective for medical complications (RR, 0.024; 95% CI, 0.005–0.126). Surgical complication risk factors were obese class II (RR, 4.120; 95% CI, 1.123–15.120), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; RR, 21.981; 95% CI, 3.719–129.924), and inpatient surgery (RR, 8.606; 95% CI, 2.266–32.689). Conclusions Complication rates after distal biceps repair are low. Various patient demographics, medical comorbidities, and surgical factors were all predictive of short-term complications