A compatible interaction of Alternaria brassicicola with Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype DiG: evidence for a specific transcriptional signature

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The interaction of <it>Arabidopsis </it>with <it>Alternaria brassicicola </it>provides a model for disease caused by necrotrophs, but a drawback has been the lack of a compatible pathosystem. Infection of most ecotypes, including the widely-studied line Col-0, with this pathogen generally leads to a lesion that does not expand beyond the inoculated area. This study examines an ecotype, Dijon G (DiG), which is considered sensitive to <it>A. brassicicola</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that the interaction has the characteristics of a compatible one, with expanding rather than limited lesions. To ask whether DiG is merely more sensitive to the pathogen or, rather, interacts in distinct manner, we identified genes whose regulation differs between Col-0 and DiG challenged with <it>A. brassicicola</it>. Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to identify differentially expressed genes, and their expression was verified using semi-quantitative PCR. We also tested a set of known defense-related genes for differential regulation in the two plant-pathogen interactions. Several known pathogenesis-related (<it>PR</it>) genes are up-regulated in both interactions. <it>PR1</it>, and a monooxygenase gene identified in this study, <it>MO1</it>, are preferentially up-regulated in the compatible interaction. In contrast, <it>GLIP1</it>, which encodes a secreted lipase, and <it>DIOX1</it>, a pathogen-response related dioxygenase, are preferentially up-regulated in the incompatible interaction.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results show that DiG is not only more susceptible, but demonstrate that its interaction with <it>A. brassicicola </it>has a specific transcriptional signature.</p

Nucleoplasty – General Overview

The management of disc protrusion is multidisciplinary. In the midway between conservative treatment and open surgery are minimal invasive procedures.Nucleoplasty is a new treatment of discogenic leg pain using bipolar radiofrequency device for vaporising a small volume of nucleus pulposus. Percutaneous removal of nuclear tissue is thought to lower nuclear pressure, thereby reducing nerve root tension and allowing retraction of the protrusion.Causes of discogenic pain are discussed. Indications of the procedure and surgical technique and the literature results are presented