Moral insanity and psychological disorder: the hybrid roots of psychiatry

This paper traces the significance of the diagnosis of ‘moral insanity’ (and the related diagnoses of ‘monomania’ and ‘manie sans délire’) to the development of psychiatry as a profession in the nineteenth century. The pioneers of psychiatric thought were motivated to explore such diagnoses because they promised public recognition in the high status surroundings of the criminal court. Some success was achieved in presenting a form of expertise that centred on the ability of the experts to detect quite subtle, ‘psychological’ forms of dangerous madness within the minds of offenders in France and more extensively in England. Significant backlash in the press against these new ideas pushed the profession away from such psychological exploration and back towards its medical roots that located criminal insanity simply within the organic constitution of its sufferers

Effects of environmental changes on the allergen content of wheat grain

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. All rights reserved. The protein composition of wheat grain is a primary determinant of its end-use quality. Grain proteins are also responsible for food-related disorders in humans, such as celiac disease, wheat dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, food allergy and baker\u27s asthma. The effects of environmental conditions on grain protein composition have been extensively studied. Abiotic and biotic stresses can have significant effects on the expression of grain proteins and the overall allergen content of wheat grain. Breeding programs to select wheat varieties with low allergen content represent one step towards eventually improving the quality of life for people affected by gluten intolerance and wheat allergy. This chapter aims to review current understanding of how changes in global environments affect the expression of proteins associated with food-related diseases