Note and Comment

Constitutionality of the LA Follette Amendment to the Internal Revenue Law of 1921 - The United States Senate on November 5, 1921, inserted in the Revenue Act, then before the Senate, a provision that taxpayers in their income tax returns must specify what state and municipal bonds they hold, or else be subject to a penalty of five per cent. That provision was dropped out in conference, but it will come up again, and it is well to look at its constitutionality under the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting unreasonable searches

Magnetic Misalignment of Interstellar Dust Filaments

We present evidence for scale-independent misalignment of interstellar dust filaments and magnetic fields. We estimate the misalignment by comparing millimeter-wave dust-polarization measurements from Planck with filamentary structures identified in neutral-hydrogen (HI) measurements from HI4PI. We find that the misalignment angle displays a scale independence (harmonic coherence) for features larger than the HI4PI beam width ($16.2'$). We additionally find a spatial coherence on angular scales of $\mathcal{O}(1^\circ)$. We present several misalignment estimators formed from the auto- and cross-spectra of dust-polarization and HI-based maps, and we also introduce a map-space estimator. Applied to large regions of the high-Galactic-latitude sky, we find a global misalignment angle of $\sim 2^\circ$, which is robust to a variety of masking choices. By dividing the sky into small regions, we show that the misalignment angle correlates with the parity-violating $TB$ cross-spectrum measured in the Planck dust maps. The misalignment paradigm also predicts a dust $EB$ signal, which is of relevance in the search for cosmic birefringence but as yet undetected; the measurements of $EB$ are noisier than of $TB$, and our correlations of $EB$ with misalignment angle are found to be weaker and less robust to masking choices. We also introduce an HI-based dust-polarization template constructed from the Hessian matrix of the HI intensity, which is found to correlate more strongly than previous templates with Planck dust $B$ modes.Comment: 30 pages, 17 figure

Early maternal employment and non-cognitive outcomes in early childhood and adolescence: evidence from British birth cohort data

We analyse the relationship between early maternal employment and child emotional and behavioural outcomes in early childhood and adolescence. Using rich data from a cohort of children born in the UK in the early 1990s, we find little evidence of a strong statistical relationship between early maternal employment and any of the emotional outcomes. However, there is some evidence that children whose mother is in full-time employment at the 18th month have worse behavioural outcomes at ages 4, 7, and 12.We suggest that these largely insignificant results may in part be explained by mothers who return tofull-time work earlier being able to compensate their children: we highlight the role of fathers’ time investment and alternative childcare arrangements in this respect

Marketing New England poultry, Station Bulletin, no.475

The Bulletin is a publication of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire

Maternal Yolk Steroids: A Potential Compensatory Mechanism for Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) In North Dakota

Many of the suggested management techniques directed at reducing blackbird breeding populations fail to incorporate the underlying mechanisms regulating populations. Theoretically, removal of individuals from the breeding population should lower the breeding densities and presumably reduce recruitment. However, compensatory responses might occur with decreased breeding densities, but no empirical data are available to test this hypothesis. Much of the underlying compensatory theory is based on differential allocation of resources to reproduction vs. self maintenance at different breeding densities, mainly in the form of depensatory effects of resource limitation on growth and survival. However, as the breeding density in an area changes, social interactions among individuals also change (Whittingham and Schwabl 2002; Pilz and Smith 2004). Recent research has shown maternally derived steroid hormones present in eggs offer a potential compensatory mechanism by which adult social interactions affect offspring growth and survival (Schwabl 1996a; Schwabl 1996b). Gaining insight into the underlying mechanisms regulating red-winged blackbird populations will allow for more effective and efficient management techniques. This study focuses on the effects of density and social interactions on nesting female red-winged blackbirds and the effects of maternally derived yolk steroids on offspring survival

Filamentary Dust Polarization and the Morphology of Neutral Hydrogen Structures

Filamentary structures in neutral hydrogen (H I) emission are well-aligned with the interstellar magnetic field, so H I emission morphology can be used to construct templates that strongly correlate with measurements of polarized thermal dust emission. We explore how the quantification of filament morphology affects this correlation. We introduce a new implementation of the Rolling Hough Transform (RHT) using spherical harmonic convolutions, which enables efficient quantification of filamentary structure on the sphere. We use this spherical RHT algorithm along with a Hessian-based method to construct H I-based polarization templates. We discuss improvements to each algorithm relative to similar implementations in the literature and compare their outputs. By exploring the parameter space of filament morphologies with the spherical RHT, we find that the most informative H I structures for modeling the magnetic field structure are the thinnest resolved filaments. For this reason, we find a $\sim10\%$ enhancement in the $B$-mode correlation with dust polarization with higher-resolution H I observations. We demonstrate that certain interstellar morphologies can produce parity-violating signatures, i.e., nonzero $TB$ and $EB$, even under the assumption that filaments are locally aligned with the magnetic field. Finally, we demonstrate that $B$ modes from interstellar dust filaments are mostly affected by the topology of the filaments with respect to one another and their relative polarized intensities, whereas $E$ modes are mostly sensitive to the shapes of individual filaments.Comment: 22 pages, 17 figure

High energy from space

The following subject areas are covered: (1) important scientific problems for high energy astrophysics (stellar activity, the interstellar medium in galaxies, supernovae and endpoints of stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis, relativistic plasmas and matter under extreme conditions, nature of gamma-bursts, identification of black holes, active nuclei, accretion physics, large-scale structures, intracluster medium, nature of dark matter, and the X- and gamma-ray background); (2) the existing experimental programs (Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), X-Ray Timing Explorer (XTE), High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE), U.S. participation in foreign missions, and attached Shuttle and Space Station Freedom payloads); (3) major missions for the 1990's; (4) a new program of moderate missions; (5) new opportunities for small missions; (6) technology development issues; and (7) policy issues

Induction of HO-1 in tissue macrophages and monocytes in fatal falciparum malaria and sepsis

BACKGROUND: As well as being inducible by haem, haemoxygenase -1 (HO-1) is also induced by interleukin-10 and an anti-inflammatory prostaglandin, 15d PGJ(2), the carbon monoxide thus produced mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of these molecules. The cellular distribution of HO-1, by immunohistochemistry, in brain, lung and liver in fatal falciparum malaria, and in sepsis, is reported. METHODS: Wax sections were stained, at a 1:1000 dilution of primary antibody, for HO-1 in tissues collected during paediatric autopsies in Blantyre, Malawi. These comprised 37 acutely ill comatose patients, 32 of whom were diagnosed clinically as cerebral malaria and the other 5 as bacterial diseases with coma. Another 3 died unexpectedly from an alert state. Other control tissues were from Australian adults. RESULTS: Apart from its presence in splenic red pulp macrophages and microhaemorrhages, staining for HO-1 was confined to intravascular monocytes and certain tissue macrophages. Of the 32 clinically diagnosed cerebral malaria cases, 11 (category A) cases had negligible histological change in the brain and absence of or scanty intravascular sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes. Of these 11 cases, eight proved at autopsy to have other pathological changes as well, and none of these eight showed HO-1 staining within the brain apart from isolated moderate staining in one case. Two of the three without another pathological diagnosis showed moderate staining of scattered monocytes in brain vessels. Six of these 11 (category A) cases exhibited strong lung staining, and the Kupffer cells of nine of them were intensely stained. Of the seven (category B) cases with no histological changes in the brain, but appreciable sequestered parasitised erythrocytes present, one was without staining, and the other six showed strongly staining, rare or scattered monocytes in cerebral vessels. All six lung sections not obscured by neutrophils showed strong staining of monocytes and alveolar macrophages, and all six available liver sections showed moderate or strong staining of Kupffer cells. Of the 14 (category C) cases, in which brains showed micro-haemorrhages and intravascular mononuclear cell accumulations, plus sequestered parasitised erythrocytes, all exhibited strong monocyte HO-1 staining in cells forming accumulations and scattered singly within cerebral blood vessels. Eleven of the available and readable 13 lung sections showed strongly staining monocytes and alveolar macrophages, and one stained moderately. All of the 14 livers had strongly stained Kupffer cells. Of five cases of comatose culture-defined bacterial infection, three showed a scattering of stained monocytes in vessels within the brain parenchyma, three had stained cells in lung sections, and all five demonstrated moderately or strongly staining Kupffer cells. Brain sections from all three African controls, lung sections from two of them, and liver from one, showed no staining for HO-1, and other control lung and liver sections showed few, palely stained cells only. Australian-origin adult brains exhibited no staining, whether the patients had died from coronary artery disease or from non-infectious, non-cerebral conditions CONCLUSIONS: Clinically diagnosed 'cerebral malaria' in children includes some cases in whom malaria is not the only diagnosis with the hindsight afforded by autopsy. In these patients there is widespread systemic inflammation, judged by HO-1 induction, at the time of death, but minimal intracerebral inflammation. In other cases with no pathological diagnosis except malaria, there is evidence of widespread inflammatory responses both in the brain and in other major organs. The relative contributions of intracerebral and systemic host inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of coma and death in malaria deserve further investigation

Supernova Remnants in the Fossil Starburst in M82

We report the discovery of ten compact H-alpha-bright sources in the post-starburst region northeast of the center of M82, ``M82 B.'' These objects have H alpha luminosities and sizes consistent with Type II supernova remnants (SNRs). They fall on the same H alpha surface brightness-diameter (Sigma-D) relation defined by SNRs in other nearby star-forming galaxies, with the M82 candidates lying preferentially at the small diameter end. These are the first candidates for optically-visible SNRs in M82 outside the heavily obscured central starburst within ~250 pc from the galactic center. If these sources are SNRs, they set an upper limit to the end of the starburst in region ``B2,'' about 500 pc from the galaxy's core, of ~50 Myr. Region ``B1,'' about 1000 pc from the core, lacks good SNR candidates and is evidently somewhat older. This suggests star formation in the galaxy has propagated inward toward the present-day intense starburst core.Comment: Re-submitted to AJ, referee's comments taken into account, 15 pages LaTeX preprint style, 4 postscript figures; full-resolution figures available from http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~rd7a/snrs/ Changes: minor textual changes and orientation/axes of Fig.