Türk iktisat tarihinde 1948- 1960 dönemi tarımdaki değişim ve makineleşme

ÖZETBu çalışma, Türk iktisat tarihinde 1948-1960 yılları arasında tarımsal yapıdaki değişim ve hızla artan traktör sayısı ile tarımdaki makineleşme hareketini inceleme denemesidir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak, birinci bölümde, 1948 yılı öncesi tarımsal yapının anlaşılabilmesi için, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan devralınan tarıma dayalı iktisadi yapıdaki insan-toprak ilişkileri, Cumhuriyet'in ilk yıllarında uygulanan iktisat politikaları ve 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranı sonrası uygulanan devletçi iktisadi politikalar incelenmiştir. Cumhuriyetin kurulmasıyla birlikte en önemli ekonomik hedeflerden birisi, ekonominin ana unsuru olan tarımda gelişim ve köy kalkınmasını sağlamak oluşu, İzmir İktisat Kongresinde alınan kararlar çerçevesinde açıklanmıştır. 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranı sonrası dış piyasalardaki gelişmeler ve Lozan Antlaşması'da yer alan gümrük tarifelerindeki kısıtlamanın kalkması, ülkede, devletçi politikaların uygulanmasına neden olduğu görülmüştür.İkinci bölümde ise, 1948 yılı öncesi tarımsal yapının oluşumu; nüfus ve istihdam yapısı, toprak ve toprak mülkiyeti, tarımsal üretim ve bölüşüm ilişkileri ile tarım kesimine yönelik destek politikaları incelenmiştir. Bu gelişmeler, tarımsal yapıda köklü değişimlere neden olmamasına rağmen, özellikle mülkiyet ilişkilerinde 1926 yılından itibaren Medeni Kanun ile bireyselliğe geçiş görülmüştür. Üçüncü bölümde ise, 1948 yılına gelindiğinde, ülke içinde yaşanan toplumsal ve ekonomik gelişmeler ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası Avrupa'da oluşan kutuplaşma sonucu, ABD önderliğinde kurulan Batı cephesinde yer alınmış ve dünya ekonomisiyle tarımsal ürün üreticisi ülke olarak eklemleşmesi için liberal politikalar izlenmeye başlanmıştır. Bunun bir sonucu olarak, ülkenin mevcut tarımsal yapısındaki değişimin içsel ve dışsal etkileri incelenmiştir.Çalışmamızın dördüncü bölümünde, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan 1960'lı yıllara kadar geçen sürede , Osmanlı'daki makineleşme çabaları, Cumhuryet'in ilk yıllarındaki makineleşme hareketi, Devletçilik politikalarıyla uygulanan Zirai Kombinalar dönemi ve nihayetinde 1948-1960 yılları arası dış etkenlerle de beslenen hızlı makineleşme dönemi başlıkları altında, Türk tarımındaki makineleşmenin tarihsel gelişimi anlatılmıştır

Neuromodulatory effects of hesperidin against sodium fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in rats: Involvement of neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and autophagy

Fluoride is an element with toxic properties and has been proven to have some adverse effects on many soft tissues, including brain tissue. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of hesperidin on sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced neurotoxicity in rats by biochemical and molecular methods. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of seven rats each as Control, hesperidin, NaF (600 ppm), NaF + hesperidin (100mg/kg, b.w.), and NaF + hesperidin (200mg/kg, b.w.), respectively; orally for two weeks. Hesperidin reduced lipid peroxidation and increased activities of SOD, CAT and GPx and levels of GSH in NaF-induced brain tissue. Hesperidin also showed anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagic effects by decreasing levels of NF-κB, IL-1B, TNF-α, Beclin-1, LC3A, and LC3B in NaF-induced brain tissue. Moreover, hesperidin was able to down-regulate the mRNA transcript levels of apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers such as caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, PERK, IRE1, ATF6, and GRP78 in NaF-induced neurotoxicity. Hesperidin also reduced the adverse effects caused by NaF by modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results demonstrate that hesperidin exhibits neuroprotective effects against NaF-induced neurotoxicity in rats by ameliorating inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress

The Effect of Etoricoxib on Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage is known to be a pathological process which continues with the increase of oxidants and expands with the inflammatory response. There is not any study about protective effect of etoricoxib on the liver I/R damage in literature. Objective. This study investigates the effect of etoricoxib on oxidative stress induced by I/R of the rat liver. Material and Methods. Experimental animals were divided into four groups as liver I/R control (LIRC), 50 mg/kg etoricoxib + liver I/R (ETO-50), 100 mg/kg etoricoxib + liver I/R (ETO-100), and healthy group (HG). ETO-50 and ETO-100 groups were administered etoricoxib, while LIRC and HG groups were orally given distilled water by gavage. Hepatic artery was clamped for one hour to provide ischemia, and then reperfusion was provided for 6 hours. Oxidant, antioxidant, and COX-2 gene expressions were studied in the liver tissues. ALT and AST were measured. Results. Etoricoxib in 50 and 100 mg/kg doses changed the levels of oxidant/antioxidant parameters such as MDA, MPO, tGSH, GSHRd, GST, SOD, NO, and 8-OH/Gua in favour of antioxidants. Furthermore, etoricoxib prevented increase of COX-2 gene expression and ALT and AST levels. This important protective effect of etoricoxib on the rat liver I/R can be tested in the clinical setting

The Effect of Etoricoxib on Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage is known to be a pathological process which continues with the increase of oxidants and expands with the inflammatory response. There is not any study about protective effect of etoricoxib on the liver I/R damage in literature. Objective. This study investigates the effect of etoricoxib on oxidative stress induced by I/R of the rat liver. Material and Methods. Experimental animals were divided into four groups as liver I/R control (LIRC), 50 mg/kg etoricoxib + liver I/R (ETO-50), 100 mg/kg etoricoxib + liver I/R (ETO-100), and healthy group (HG). ETO-50 and ETO-100 groups were administered etoricoxib, while LIRC and HG groups were orally given distilled water by gavage. Hepatic artery was clamped for one hour to provide ischemia, and then reperfusion was provided for 6 hours. Oxidant, antioxidant, and COX-2 gene expressions were studied in the liver tissues. ALT and AST were measured. Results. Etoricoxib in 50 and 100 mg/kg doses changed the levels of oxidant/antioxidant parameters such as MDA, MPO, tGSH, GSHRd, GST, SOD, NO, and 8-OH/Gua in favour of antioxidants. Furthermore, etoricoxib prevented increase of COX-2 gene expression and ALT and AST levels. This important protective effect of etoricoxib on the rat liver I/R can be tested in the clinical setting

COVID-19 vaccination-related headache showed two different clusters in the long-term course: a prospective multicenter follow-up study (COVA-Head Study)

Abstract Background Although acute headache following COVID-19 vaccination is widely acknowledged, the long-term progression of these headaches remains poorly understood. Our objective was to identify various phenotypes of prolonged or worsened headaches associated with COVID-19 vaccination and document any changes in these phenotypes over an extended period. Additionally, we aimed to document the diverse headache presentations among patients with pre-existing primary headaches. Methods A multinational, prospective observational study was conducted to investigate prolonged or worsened headaches associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Questionnaires assessing COVID-19 vaccination-related headaches at three time points (initial visit, 3rd month follow-up, and 6th month follow-up) were developed for the study. Headache specialists/clinicians evaluated patients using these questionnaires in a prospective manner. Repeated K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify patient profiles with prolonged or worsened headaches related to COVID-19 vaccination. Results Among the 174 patients included in the study, there was a female-to-male ratio of 128 (73.6%) to 46 (26.4%). The mean age of the patient group was 45.2 ± 13.3 years, and 107 patients (61.5%) had a pre-existing history of primary headaches. Through the analysis, two major clusters were identified based on headache characteristics at each visit. During the first visit (n = 174), Cluster 1 primarily comprised patients with a history of primary headaches, frontal localization of pain, throbbing pain type, more severe headaches accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, phonophobia, photophobia, and osmophobia, and worsened by physical activity. In contrast, Cluster 2 consisted of patients with longer headache durations (over one month) and a stabbing/pressing quality of pain. Patients in Cluster 1 had a higher prevalence of migraine as the pre-existing primary headache disorder compared to Cluster 2 (90.48% vs. 68.18%, respectively; p = 0.005). Conclusion The identification of two distinct phenotypes of prolonged or worsened headaches related to COVID-19 vaccination can provide valuable clinical insights. Having an awareness of the potential worsening of headaches following COVID-19 vaccination, particularly in patients with a primary headache disorder such as migraine, can help clinicians and headache experts anticipate and adjust their treatment strategies accordingly. This knowledge can aid in preplanning treatment modifications and optimize patient care

Epileptic seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Subgroup analysis of VENOST study

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and prognostic impact of early seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis patients (CVST).Method: VENOST is a retrospective and prospective national multicenter observational study. CVST patients with or without epileptic seizures (ES) were analyzed and compared in terms of demographic and imaging data, causative factors, clinical variables, and prognosis in a total of 1126 patients.Results: The mean age of the patients in the ES group was 39.73 +/- 12.64 and 40.17 +/- 14.02 years in the non-ES group (p > 0.05). Epileptic seizures were more common (76.6 %) in females (p < 0.001). Early ES occurred in 269 of 1126 patients (23.9 %). Epileptic seizures mainly presented in the acute phase (71.4 %) of the disease (p < 0.001). Majority of these (60.5 %) were in the first 24 h of the CVST. The most common neurological signs were focal neurologic deficits (29.9 %) and altered consciousness (31.4 %) in the ES group. Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and cortical veins (CV) involvement were the most common sites of thrombosis and the mostly related etiology were found puerperium in seizure group (30.3 % vs 13.9 %). Patients with seizures had worse outcome in the first month of the disease (p < 0.001) but these did not have any influence thereafter.Conclusions: In this largest CVST cohort (VENOST) reported female sex, presence of focal neurological deficits and altered consciousness, thrombosis of the SSS and CVs, hemorrhagic infarction were risk factors for ES occurrence in patients with CVST