Forest Plot of the effect size (E-S) of randomized-controlled trials, non randomized-controlled trials and before-after studies

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evidence based practice in postgraduate healthcare education: A systematic review"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/119</p><p>BMC Health Services Research 2007;7():119-119.</p><p>Published online 26 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1995214.</p><p></p> E-S corresponds to magnitude of an intervention effect. Boxes are the E-S estimates from each study. The horizontal bars are 95%CI. The size of the box is proportional to the weight of the study. The studies are sorted by weight in the plot. The table on the right side of the graph indicates whether two or more types of validity were used and what kind of intervention was used: Journal Club or workshops, or multifaceted intervention, or other interventions. ■ Yes; □ No

Funnel-plot of the effect size of size of randomized-controlled trials, non randomized-controlled trials and before-after studies

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evidence based practice in postgraduate healthcare education: A systematic review"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/119</p><p>BMC Health Services Research 2007;7():119-119.</p><p>Published online 26 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1995214.</p><p></p

Flow of articles through the literature review process.

<p>Flow of articles through the literature review process.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Dietary patterns are associated with lung function among Spanish smokers without respiratory disease

Categorization of the 45-item FFQ into food groups (DOC 37 kb

Prevalence, determinants and patterns of multimorbidity in primary care: a systematic review of observational studies

Introduction: Multimorbidity is a major concern in primary care. Nevertheless, evidence of prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity, and their determinants, are scarce. The aim of this study is to systematically review studies of the prevalence, patterns and determinants of multimorbidity in primary care. Methods: Systematic review of literature published between 1961 and 2013 and indexed in Ovid (CINAHL, PsychINFO, Medline and Embase) and Web of Knowledge. Studies were selected according to eligibility criteria of addressing prevalence, determinants, and patterns of multimorbidity and using a pretested proforma in primary care. The quality and risk of bias were assessed using STROBE criteria. Two researchers assessed the eligibility of studies for inclusion (Kappa =0.86). Results: We identified 39 eligible publications describing studies that included a total of 70,057,611 patients in 12 countries. The number of health conditions analysed per study ranged from 5 to 335, with multimorbidity prevalence ranging from 12.9% to 95.1%. All studies observed a significant positive association between multimorbidity and age (odds ratio [OR], 1.26 to 227.46), and lower socioeconomic status (OR, 1.20 to 1.91). Positive associations with female gender and mental disorders were also observed. The most frequent patterns of multimorbidity included osteoarthritis together with cardiovascular and/or metabolic conditions. Conclusions: Well-established determinants of multimorbidity include age, lower socioeconomic status and gender. The most prevalent conditions shape the patterns of multimorbidity. However, the limitations of the current evidence base means that further and better designed studies are needed to inform policy, research and clinical practice, with the goal of improving health-related quality of life for patients with multimorbidity. Standardization of the definition and assessment of multimorbidity is essential in order to better understand this phenomenon, and is a necessary immediate step

Patterns of multimorbidity.

<p>*No prevalence data reported for this study.</p

Flow chart for study identification.

<p>Flow chart for study identification.</p

Forest plots for determinants of multimorbidity: odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and existing mental disorder.

<p>Forest plots for determinants of multimorbidity: odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and existing mental disorder.</p

Most frequent pairs of health conditions.

<p>Most frequent pairs of health conditions.</p

Fixed and random parameters from a multilevel linear regression model of GSH-Px activity.

<p>Abbreviations: EEPA, daily energy expenditure in leisure-time physical activity. PHCC, primary health care center.</p>a<p>Adjusted β, regression coefficient of the association between each variable in the model and GSH-Px activity, controlling for the other variables in the model.</p>b<p>Random parameters are multilevel measures of outcome variation. PHCC was considered as random.</p><p>Fixed and random parameters from a multilevel linear regression model of GSH-Px activity.</p