Contemporary Amharic Oral Poetry from Gojjam: Classification and a sample Analysis

 In the preceding discussion, an attempt was made to provide a classification of Amharic oral poems and songs into several themes and genres. Accordingly, such major genres as work songs, children’s poems, war chants and boasting recitals were identified and a description and analysis of selected poems and their role, particularly in local politics and administration, were provided. In their poems and songs, the peasants of East Gojjam critically express their views, attitudes and feelings either in the form of support or protest, towards the various state policies and local directives.Indeed, the Amharic oral poems and songs from the two peasant communities illustrate topics associated with the change of government, land redistribution, local authorities and their administration, as well as a variety of other contemporary issues affecting the rural society. The poems also throw some light on the understanding of the peasants’ consciousness and observations comparing past and present regimes of Ethiopia, besides their power of aesthetics and creative capabilities of the peasants’ poetic tradition.In fact, this can be seen from a wider perspective, considering the function and role of oral literature in an agrarian and traditional society such as the two peasant communities mentioned in this paper. The peasants’ response in poetry  to the diverse contemporary politics and local administration need to be studied carefully and considered appropriately in the state’s future rural policies and development projects if it is intended to bring about a democratic system that leads towards a peaceful coexistence among the rural peasantry

Incidence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and the Distribution of Vector in Chora District of Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Bovine Trypanosomosis is one of the most parsimoniously problematic diseases in influencing mammals like cattle and it is a grave haemoprotozoan disease triggered by different species of unicellular eurykaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosome. This study was conducted to assess the incidence of Bovine Trypanosomosis, and density of vector distribution as well as the influence of its associated risk factors on cattle reared in Chora district of Buno Bedele Zone. A Blood sample was collected from a total of 401 cattle of age ranges from 1 to 6 years. The presence of parasites from sampled blood was examined using a method of Buffy Coat Technique and a technique of Giemsa-stained thin blood films was used to identify the existing trypanosome species in the study area. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of collected blood samples was determined using haematocrit. A total of 50 traps were deployed to study the entomological survey. In general, 2.99 % of the studied cattle were infected with Trypanosomosis and the T.Vivax (58.33%) was the dominant species of trypanosomosis and followed by T. congulense (41.67%) in the study area. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were observed due to associated risk factors viz. Body Condition and  age of cattle, whereas sampling sites and sex were not significantly affect the prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis.  The mean PCV value of Parasitaemic and Aparasitaemic animals were 21.37 ± 0.19 and 27.89 ± 0.16, respectively and they were statistically different at (P< 0.05). Overall of 0.80 flies per trap per day was recorded from the study area and among the caught flies of Glossina species, 10%, 54% and 36% of them were, G.tachinoides, G.pallidipes and G.fuscipes, respectively.  Therefore, the veterinarian’s has to continue providing the appropriate medication/treatment for the infected animals per appropriate recommendation and Bedele NTTICC has to take more focus to control the density and distribution of tsetse flies as well as biting flies for the transmission of high incidence of T. Vivax through mechanical ways of transmission of the disease. Keywords: Cattle, Incidence, Prevalence, T. Vivax, T. Congulense DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-17-03 Publication date:September 30th 2022

In memoriam Amsalu Aklilu (1929–2013)

 Obituary 

Cause for the Occurrence of Freemartin and Its Influence on Livestock Reproductive Performance

Livestock reproductive performance is a prerequisite for any successful livestock production program and it is depends up on the factors viz. parturition interval, ovarian activity, days open, fertility and age at first parturition, litter size and annual reproductive rate. However, the above mentioned factors are influenced directly or indirectly by the occurrence of freemartin animal within the flock or farm. The objective of this review was to organize the condensed information about the causes for the occurrence of freemartin, development and way of examining a freemartin animal and its influence on livestock reproductive performance. A freemartin is genetically female, but has many characteristics of a male. The ovaries of the freemartin do not develop correctly, and they remain very small, also the ovaries do not produce the hormones necessary to induce the behavioral signs of heat. The external vulvar region can range from a very normal looking female to a female that appears to be male. Usually, the vulva is normal except that in some animals an enlarged clitoris and large tufts of vulvar hair exist. It can be diagnosed in a number of ways ranging from simple examination of the placental membranes to chromosomal analysis. Understanding about the freemartin syndrome is important to take measure by the livestock keepers, farm managers or veterinarian to cull the heifer at her early age or keep it as a teaser bull and/or as draft animal. Keywords: Freemartin; Livestock; Masculinization; Reproductive Performance DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/12-21-03 Publication date: November 30th 202

Influence of inherent differences and production status on intake and digestibility of nutrients in beef cattle

A total of 59 beef cattle were used in investigations relating inherent and production differences to intake and digestibility of nutrients. Twelve lactating cows in a total-collection digestion trial, 24 cows in 3 successive acid-insoluble ash indicator-ratio digestion trials (trials 1, 2 and 3) and 23 yearling steers in another indicator-ratio digestion trial were fed mainly grass hay, grass silage and corn silage, respectively. The data were analyzed by the method of linear multiple regression. The cows in the total-collection digestion trial offered the orchard-grass timothy hay (OGTH) consumed 1.6 kg more (P\u3c.10) dry matter than those cows fed the tall-fescue-timothy hay (TFTH). More neutral detergent fiber (14.6%, P\u3c.001), acid detergent fiber (14.7%, P\u3c.01), hemicellulose (9.4%, P\u3c.01), cellulose (21.7%, P\u3c.001) and crude protein (12.5%, P\u3c.01) were digested by the cows fed TFTH than those cows fed the OGTH. Cow weight was positively related to the digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, neutral detergent solubles, acid detergent fiber and crude protein and the respective regression coefficients were .07% (P\u3c.05), .06% (P\u3c.10), .10% (P\u3c.05), .04% and .10% (P\u3c.10). Calf age accounted for about 29% (P\u3c.05) of the variation in digestibility of the dry matter and for about 5% (P\u3c.05) of the variation in digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber by their dams. In the 3 successive indicator-ratio digestion trials the daily dry matter intake was higher in the pregnant than in the nonpregnant cows by about 2.0 kg (P .05) in a 66-day (range, 25 to 89 days) pregnancy (trial 2) and by about 1.5 kg (P\u3c.01) in a 108-day (range, 67 to 131 days) pregnancy (trial 3). Stage of gestation did not affect nutrient intake at 34 days (range, 25 to 48 days) postconception (trial 1). However, as pregnancy advanced to 66 (trial 2) and 108 days (trial 3) a 1-day increase in the length of gestation was associated with a 40-g decrease in daily dry matter intake in trial 2 and a 30-g decrease in trial 3. The nonpregnant cows digested 3.9% more (P\u3c.05) of the neutral detergent fiber and 4.3% more (P\u3c.01) of the hemicellulose in trial 2 but .73% less (P\u3c.05) of the hemicellulose in trial 3. In trial 2 a 1-day increase in the age of the in situ developing fetus caused a rise in digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose of .12% (P\u3c.10) and .19% (P\u3c.01), respectively. However, in trial 3, a 1-day increase in the age of the in situ developing fetus caused a reduction of .19% (P\u3c.05) in the digestibility of hemicellulose. In trial 1, the cow whose milk production was higher by 1 kg digested significantly more of the dry matter (3.0%, P\u3c.05), neutral detergent fiber (3.3%, P\u3c.05), acid detergent fiber (3.6%, P\u3c.05), hemicellulose (3.5%, P\u3c.001) and cellulose (3.0%, P\u3c.05). The study with the yearling steers revealed that the steer with a 1-kg greater metabolic size consumed about 110 g more dry matter (P\u3c.001) than the lighter steer. A comparison in nutrient digestibility among Angus (A), Hereford (H), A x H and H x A steers revealed that nutrient digestibility was similar in A, H and H x A. However, the A x H steer as compared to the A steers digested significantly less (P\u3c.05) of the dry matter (7.8%), neutral detergent fiber (10.8%), neutral detergent solubles (6.4%), acid detergent fiber (10.3%), hemicellulose (12.0%) and cellulose (8.6%)

Factors That Affect Financial Performance of Micro and Small Business Enterprises in Dambi Dollo Town, Oromia, Ethiopia

It is recorded that most of the business bodies in Ethiopia are micro and small which have been an instrumental component in GDP and core for work opportunities. Even though the identification of the important roles that micro and small enterprises play in the country, their evolution is mostly bounded by a number of factors, such as the existence of rigid laws, shortage of infrastructures, financing problems etc that frustrate the growth of the sector as reviewed from the previous researchers.The main objective of the study was to determine the factors that affect financial performance of micro and small business enterprises in Dembi dollo town administration. To achieve this objective the necessary data was collected from micro and small business enterprise owners by using questionnaires. The study employed a mixed research approach i.e. both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select proportional number of samples from the target population of the study. The researcher used both descriptive and multiple regression analysis methods to analyze the raw data which was obtained from the respondents.The finding of the study shows that problems related with shortage of infrastructures, lack of human resources knowledge and skill, bureaucracy in company registration and getting a license, instability in tax policy and high tax rate have a negative significant effect on financial performance of small business enterprises in Dembi dollo town administration. On the other hand; nonexistence of government policy related problems such as; regulatory laws, labor laws and reporting laws positively contributes to the performance of micro and small business enterprises in the town. Based on the findings of the study the researcher recommends that the government and other concerned bodies for the development and performance of micro and small business enterprises in collaboration with the enterprise owners should alleviate the problems related with infrastructures, human resources knowledge and skill and government policies in order to achieve higher performance of small business enterprises in the town. Keywords: micro and small enterprises, financial performance, infrastructures, knowledge, skill, financing, government policies DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-1-01 Publication date: January 31st 202

Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Associated Risk Factors in Nano and Gudeya Bila Districts of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, the influence of associated risk factors and relative abundance of tsetse fly was investigated using 891 randomly selected cattle in Nano and Gudeya Bila districts of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from ear vein and examined by using Buffy coat technique and hematological procedures. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was found to be 2.69%, 95%CI. The relative prevalence based on Trypanosome species was 1.79% and 0.90% for T. congolense and T. vivax, respectively. The analysis for the associated risk factors revealed significant difference (P<0.05) in the occurrence of trypanosomosis among different districts, anemic status and body condition of examined animals. However, no significant difference was observed in trypanosomosis prevalence between age and sex groups (P>0.05).The mean PCV values of trypanosomosis positive (21.92%) were significantly lower to that of negative animals (27.44%).The apparent density of tsetse fly was 1.08 fly/trap/day. Three species of Glossina including G. Fuscipes (70.0%), G. Palidipes (19.23%) and G. morsistans (10.77%) were captured from the 120 odor baited traps. Therefore, more attention should be given to lessen the pervasiveness of this vector and impact of the disease in the study districts. Keywords: Glossina, PCV, Risk Factors, T. Congolense, Trypanosomosis, Tsetse Fly DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-15-05 Publication date:August 31st 202

The Assessment of Internal Audit Practices in Ethiopia (The Case of Finance and Economic Development Office in Adama City)

The main objective of the study is to assess internal audit practice in finance and economic development office of Adama city. The researcher used descriptive type of research design and To achieve this objective the necessary data was collected from primary as well as secondary data sources, the primary data was collected from the target employees by using questionnaires and secondary data was obtained from manuals and related written materials and documents. From the company’s five (5) departments the researcher selects two departments such as audit, inspection and payment and account in order to take sample of the research project. The raw data obtained from questionnaires was analyzed by using simple frequency tables. based on the findings of the study, the organization doesn’t provide reasonable assurance regarding of prevention, or timely detection and correction of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the entity’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements, the company auditors doesn’t involve in the activities of drafting policies and there is a problem around classification of performance deficiencies. Based on this finding the researcher recommends that the organization should give attention regarding to these problems and try to overcome in cooperation with the employees in order to perform a quality audit inspection within the organization. Keywords: Internal audit, audit quality, competency, independence, audit planning DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/10-17-03 Publication date:September 30th 201

Factors That Affect the Use of Accounting Services by Micro and Small Business Enterprises in Dembi Dollo Town Administration, Oromia, Ethiopia

The main objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect the use of accounting services by micro and small business enterprises in Dembi dollo town administration. To achieve this objective the necessary data was collected from micro and small business enterprise owners by using questionnaires. The study employed a mixed research approach i.e. both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select proportional number of samples from the target population of the study. The researcher used both descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis methods to analyze the raw data which was obtained from the respondents. The findings of the study was identified as family involvement with in the business operation and decision making, age of the enterprises, size of the enterprises, education level of the owners and knowledge and skill of the owners to use accounting services affects the use of accounting services by micro and small business enterprises in dembi dollo town administration. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher suggests that dembi dollo town micro and small enterprises office should give a basic business training to the concerned business enterprises about business entity concept, about the Peachtree software and its installation And finally the researcher suggests that the enterprises office should advice the owners of micro business enterprises to upgrade from micro to small because the owners of small enterprises are more likely to use accounting services than micro enterprise owners. Keywords: Accounting services, micro &small enterprises, family involvement, Competence, Inventory turnover period DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-1-02 Publication date: January 31st 202

Determinants of Effective Budget Utilization in Ethiopian Public Institutions

According to many scholars finding Budget utilization is affected with intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the boundary of in and outside of the organization having the influence on the proper utilization of the budget. The major objective of this study is to determine the major factors that affect effective budget utilization in Ethiopian public institutions, which is both institutional intrinsic and outside of the institution external factors. To achieve this objective a systematic review of meta-analysis method was used. The the major findings of the review shows that lack of effective monitoring and evaluation, structural problems, employees competency and centralized budget allocation have a significant critical factors which is found in all institutions as a negative determinant factor of in effective budget utilization in Ethiopian public institutions. Based on the findings the researcher recommends that every public institution should give attention regarding with the listed out factors before approval of annual budgets in order to effectively utilize the approved budgets. Keywords: Utilization, Budget, Approval, Centralized, Competency DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/12-17-02 Publication date:September 30th 2021