Methodology on valuation of ecosystem services of coral reefs

Methodology on valuation of ecosystem services of coral reef

Ma.Po. Sivagnanam in the Sight of Vallalar

Literature is a document that reveals human life and history. It was created to guide and refine human minds and can be seen to stand the test of time. In this way, Mr Arudprakasa Vallavar, who incarnated in Tamil Nadu in the nineteenth century for the benefit of the human race, gave the devotional literature called 'Thiruvarutpa', which is an auspicious treasury, to the world for the benefit of the people. The social environment of his time formed the background for his spiritual ideas and revolutionary reform ideas. After alleviating the hunger of the people, he made it his chief virtue to feed them with spiritual thought. He knew that people get caught up in superstitions and waste time and money. He said that the Puranas and Satras believed by the people are false and not true. Vallalar hated to distinguish people by birth. He insisted that a society without caste and religion should flourish as caste and religion are the reason for the disparity between people. Vallalar realized that enmity and strife arose among the people as people worshipped and created various deities. Vallalar, who saw the Lord in the form of light, said that the Lord is one and He is Sothivadivin. He inculcated a sense of unity among the people by presenting the life-saving thought of Sivakarunyam. Vallalar is a worshipful and revolutionary reformer who is worshipped as the people's deity. In 1966, the book "Vallalar's Kanda orumaippadu" was written by Chilambuch Selvar, Dr M.B. Sivagnanam, to spread his sense of unity among the people, based on Vallalar's devotion to God and patriotism, received the Sahitya Akademi award in 1966. The Bhakti Norm, Sivakarunyam, Spiritual Integrity, Kolla Norm, and Anti-caste Religion of Vallalar are highlighted in this article and are thoroughly examined

Techniques for Cognitive Pathways from Natrinai

Man changes the world only through actions and therefore changes himself. His power is manifested in the actions of man. Man is created by labor and action. During the Sangam period, farming was hailed as a life-saving profession. Livestock were used for needs beyond human capacity. The need of the individual is the need of the society in which he lives. It is on this basis that every business flourishes and benefits. Through this study we can know how the Tamils ​​planned and carried out their careers through the hymns in the Sangam literature

A study to estimate the prevalence of postnatal anaemia and assess the postnatal services among lactating mothers in a rural area of Tamilnadu

INTRODUCTION: Anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the world. WHO has estimated that the prevalence of anaemia in developed and developing countries in pregnant women is 14 percent and 51 percent respectively and 65-75 percent in India. About one third of the global population are anaemic. Prevalence of anaemia in all the groups is higher in India as compared to other developing countries1. Prevalence of anaemia in South Asian countries is among the highest in the world. WHO estimates that even among the South Asian countries, India has the highest prevalence of anaemia. What is even more important is that about half of the global maternal deaths due to anaemia occur in South Asian countries; India contributes to about 80% of the maternal deaths due to anaemia in South Asia3. It is obvious that India’s contribution both to the prevalence of anaemia and maternal deaths due to anaemia is higher than warranted by the size of its population. Worried about the high prevalence of anaemia in the country, five major surveys (National Family Health Survey II 4 and III 5, District Level Household Survey II 6, Indian Council of Medical Research Micronutrient Survey7 and Micronutrient Survey conducted by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau8 (NNMB) were undertaken to estimate the prevalence of anaemia in the country. All these showed that over 70 percent of preschool children were anaemic. OBJECTIVES: 1. To estimate the prevalence of anaemia in lactating mothers within six months of delivery. 2. To find out the factors associated with anaemia in these mothers. 3. To assess the postnatal services provided to them. MATERIALS AND METHOD: STUDY DESIGN: It is a community based cross sectional study. STUDY AREA: Padianallur primary health centre area of Thiruvallur district. STUDY POPULATION: Inclusion criteria: All lactating mothers within six months of delivery at the time of study and who were willing to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria: 1. All lactating mothers more than six months of delivery at the time of study. 2. Lactating mothers who were within six months of delivery but were not willing to participate. 3. Lactating mothers within six months of delivery but who were not available even after three visits. 4. Mothers within six months of delivery but were not breast feeding. Study Period: April 2010 - October 2010. Sample Size: As per the NFHS, the prevalence of postnatal anaemia was 56.2% and it is considered for sample size calculation at 95% confidence interval (Z= 1.96) and the limit of accuracy kept at 10% of the prevalence. RESULTS: The selected Primary health centre, Padianallur has a population of 58,564. It has 20 ICDS centres. The crude birth rate is 18.4 per 1000 population. Three hundred mothers within six months of delivery were interviewed for the purpose of estimating the prevalence of anaemia, its associated factors and for assessing the provision of postnatal services. SUMMARY This study is community based cross sectional descriptive study done at Padianallur primary health centre area of Thiruvallur district, with an objective to estimate the prevalence of anaemia in nursing mothers within six months of delivery and to assess the postnatal services provided to them. Majority of the mothers belonged to 20 -21 yrs age group, 13% were illiterate and 47% belonged to the low socioeconomic class. Teenage pregnancy was seen in 33% of the study population with more number of deliveries before the mother crosses 20 years of age. Most of the mothers were primipara. Among those who had more than one child, the birth interval was < 3 yrs in majority of them. 94% of deliveries occurred at institutions which seems good and most of the deliveries have occurred at PHCs. In the study population 81% had anaemia ( 90 tablets and the remaining 53% had consumed < 90 tablets only. 62% of mothers had consumed IFA during their postnatal period but the dosage taken was inadequate. The prevalence of anaemia during postnatal period was significantly related to their socio economic status, education, age at marriage, place of delivery, deworming during antenatal period, birth order and interval and with the presence of excessive menstrual bleeding. The prevalence of anaemia is more in mothers who have experienced abortion at least once. The stress of child birth and poor consumption of nutritious food worsens the Hb level still after delivery. Inadequate nutrition and anaemia are significantly related in this study and 100% of those who have not taken adequate nutritious diet had anaemia. The postpartum check up which is to be given at the place of delivery was given to 83% 0f the mothers but the recommended three house visits within 2 weeks of delivery has not been given to majority of the mothers in the study population. Post partum check up is very essential to prevent immediate and remote complications after delivery but the achievement is very unsatisfactory. Post natal advices were given to the mothers at the institution during their check up. 30% of mothers received advice from medical officers, 65% from ANM/VHN, and 5% from others.94% of mothers received advice on child care and immunisation whereas only 14% on exclusive breast feeding and 37% on family planning. 40% were given advice on nutrition and 17% on personal hygiene. Hence, better Postnatal care and services, health education on nutrition, child care, immunisation and family planning helps to reduce the prevalence of anaemia, maternal mortality rate and also infant mortality rate

Insulator–metal transitions in Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 induced by a magnetic field

A magnetic field induced insulator to metal transition has been observed in both polycrystalline and single crystals samples of Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3. Application of a magnetic field leads to a first-order phase transition from an insulating to a conducting state at low temperatures. The hysteresis associated with this transition allows the resistivity at 4 K to be varied by more than eight orders of magnitude depending on the field history of the sample

The missing link in English language teaching

The aim of this workshop is to provide participants with some teaching ideas on how the writing skill may be improved. This is done through error analysis, correction and vocabulary building. The first part of the workshop will explore different ways of identifying students’ weak areas in writing and how these areas may be corrected. The second part will cover ways on how vocabulary building may be carried out, to help students improve their writing skill. The participants will have hands-on experience of preparing materials for vocabulary building during the workshop

Sensation and entertainment in Nedunalvaadai

All the actions of man are based on his moods and feelings, but the emotion that emerges from the human being arises from the mind. Based on the time and environment emotion appears and it results as a person's behaviour. It is said that emotions are the actions that appear and perform not only for the human species, but the living things that appeared in the world also emotional feelings and emotions are manifested according to the weather and climate. Focusing on emotions, this article explains the feeling of animals, the feeling of worship, the feeling of the time, the loneliness of the heroine, the sense of duty and the sense of personality of the hero

Cost variation analysis of various brands of anti-retroviral agents currently available in Indian market: an economic perspective study

Background: The aim was to analyze the percentage cost variations among different brands of the commonly prescribed anti-retroviral agents in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus.Methods: The cost of different brands of commonly used Anti-Retroviral agents was sorted out by referring latest Indian drug index online, drug today, current index of medical specialties, Indian drug review.Results: The percentage variation in the cost was above 100% with most of the commonly used anti-retroviral agents. Overall sequinafir 500 mg shows maximum cost variation of 1490.3%, while nelfinavir (625 mg) shows minimum cost variation of 6.1% in single drug therapy. Lamivudine 300 mg and tenofovir 300 mg combination shows maximum cost variation of 14055% whereas, lamivudine 150 mg, zidovudine 300 mg and efavirenz 600 mg shows minimum cost variation of 10% in combination drug therapy.Conclusions: HIV is the most common infectious, life-threatening disease and drugs are to be prescribed for life-long period. If a costly brand is prescribed, the patients cannot afford to pay more money for their treatment. This also leads to poor patient compliance, dissatisfaction and failure of the treatment. Ideally, therefore, the drugs should be prescribed in such a way, to save the patient's economic burden and enhance the compliance of the treatment

Beliefs and Faiths in Lamentation Songs

Folklore is a particular peoples’s culture characterized by beliefs.&nbsp; Faith and beliefs are something that are far beyond the sense of human beings. Faiths and beliefs are created by the people in the society and they are protected by the own people in the society. Lamentation songs are sung in memory of the deceased people. Topics like different kinds of lamentation songs, the status of today’s generation not having interest to sing lamentation songs sungs in villupuram district, vanur taluk, karattai villege, different types of lamentation songs and their beliefs are described. Beliefs in morality, fate horoscope, astrology, omen and zodiac sing rather they give silent prayers and tribute to the deseased people. Few women take it as a profession to sing lamentation songs