In Vivo

The leaf of Elaeagnus lanceolata and Elaeagnus henryi as well as Elaeagnus pungens has been documented as an effective herb for the treatment of asthma and chronic bronchitis in traditional clinical medicine. This study was aimed at evaluating the antiasthmatic, antitussive, and expectorant activities of the water extracts from the three plants in vivo and analyzing their chemical components by HPLC-DAD. At the medium and high doses, the water extracts of three Elaeagnus leaves significantly prolonged the preconvulsive time (P < 0.01) in guinea pigs, lengthened the latent period of cough (P < 0.01) and decreased the cough frequency caused by aqueous ammonia in mice (P < 0.01), and enhanced tracheal phenol red output in mice (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the pharmacological actions between the three Elaeagnus leaves. Moreover, there was more similarity on overlap peaks in the range of retention time from 10 to 40 min by HPLC and many peaks that belonged to flavonoids compounds. It suggested that the main constituents of the three Elaeagnus leaves were flavonoid for the pharmacological activities. These effects were the important evidence for the traditional use of E. henryi leaf and E. lanceolata leaf as well as E. pungens to treat asthma and chronic bronchitis

THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FAMILY EDUCATION AND SCHOOL AND KINDERGARTEN ADMISSION OF MIGRANT CHILDREN IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA: A SURVEY OF HANGZHOU, NINGBO AND JIAXING

Based on a survey of 322 parents of migrant children aged 3 to 10 in Hangzhou, Ningbo and Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China, the study found that nearly 70% of parents have been working in Zhejiang for 5-10 years, and 28% of them have worked for more than 10 years; 94% of them hold agricultural household registration and 6% of them hold non-agricultural household registration. Nearly 70% of these families have 2 to 3 children and 16% of them have 4 children. Those children who can get into the local public kindergartens and primary schools are all study in the local institutions and most school-aged children and the majority of pre-school children who do not meet the admission requirements for local public kindergartens and primary schools return to their hometown due to the pressure of tuition fees. At the same time, family education is not efficient, more than half of the children’s spare time is occupied by television and video games, the proportion of reading and sports activities is only a little more than 10%. Most parents have little time to read, do homework and physical exercise with their children, because of their heavy work or low level of education. This paper puts forward some relevant countermeasures and suggestions, hoping to change this situation.  Article visualizations

Transcriptomic Analysis for Differentially Expressed Genes in Ovarian Follicle Activation in the Zebrafish

In teleosts, the onset of puberty in females is marked by the appearance of the first wave of pre-vitellogenic (PV) follicles from the pool of primary growth (PG) follicles (follicle activation) in the ovary during sexual maturation. To understand the mechanisms underlying follicle activation and therefore puberty onset, we undertook this transcriptomic study to investigate gene expression profiles in the event. Our analysis revealed a total of 2,027 up-regulated and 859 down-regulated genes during the PG-PV transition. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that in addition to basic cellular functions such as gene transcription, cell differentiation, and cell migration, other biological processes such as steroidogenesis, cell signaling and angiogenesis were also enriched in up-regulated genes; by comparison, some processes were down-regulated including piRNA metabolism, gene silencing and proteolysis. Further Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis identified a variety of signaling pathways that might play pivotal roles in PG-PV transition, including MAPK, TGF-β, Hedgehog, FoxO, VEGF, Jak-STAT, and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways. Other pathways of particular interest included endocytosis and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. We also analyzed expression changes of genes expressed in different compartments viz. oocytes and follicle cells. Interestingly, most oocyte-specific genes remained unchanged in expression during follicle activation whereas a great number of genes specifically expressed in the follicle cells showed significant changes in expression. Overall, this study reported a comprehensive analysis for genes, biological processes and pathways involved in follicle activation, which also marks female puberty onset in the zebrafish when occurring for the first time in sexual maturation

Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Myocardial Apoptosis of Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Apoptosis plays critical role in diabetic cardiomyopathy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is one of intrinsic apoptosis pathways. For previous studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum become swell in diabetic myocardium and ERS was involved in diabetes mellitus and heart failure, this study aimed to demonstrate whether ERS was induced in myocardium of streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. We established type 1 diabetic rat model with STZ intraperitoneal injection, used echocardiographic evaluation, hematoxylin-eosin staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DNA nick-end labeling staining to identify the existence of diabetic cardiomyopathy and enhanced apoptosis in the diabetic heart. We performed immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real time PCR to analysis two hallmarks of ERS, glucose regulated protein78 (Grp78) and Caspase12. We found both Grp78 and Caspase12 had enhanced expression in protein and mRNA levels in diabetic myocardium than normal rat’s, and Caspase12 was activated in diabetic heart. Those results suggested that ERS was induced in STZ-induced diabetic rats’ myocardium, and ERS-associated apoptosis took part in the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy

Application and challenges of a metaverse in medicine

Metaverse has been confirmed as a relatively amorphous concept of innovation, which refers to technological advancement. Metaverse, i.e., a coalition between reality world and virtual world, has created significant significance and convenience in education, communication, economy, etc. The COVID-19 outbreak has stimulated the growth of metaverse applications in medicine. The above-mentioned technology has broad applications while comprising online remote medical treatment, online conferences, medical education, preparation of surgical plans, etc. Moreover, technical, security, and financial challenges should be tackled down by the future widespread use of metaverse. Metaverse is limitlessly promising, and it will exert a certain effect on future scientific and technological advancements in the medical industry. The review article primarily aims to summarize the application of the metaverse in medicine and their challenge in the future of medicine

Analysis of Insulin Doses of Chinese Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Intensive Insulin Treatment

BACKGROUND: To investigate the daily insulin doses and the ratio of basal insulin to total daily insulin in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients who received basal bolus insulin therapy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Totally 2480 patients prescribed with pre-meal bolus insulin and bedtime basal insulin were included. The mean daily insulin doses was 38.22 ± 14.92 IU/day, the mean daily insulin doses per weight was 0.58 ± 0.22 IU/kg, the mean bolus insulin dose was 0.44 ± 0.17 IU/kg and the mean basal insulin dose was 0.13 ± 0.08 IU/kg. The mean basal/total daily insulin ratio (BD/TDD) was 0.23 ± 0.08. In most patients (47.94%), the BD/TDD was between 0.20 and 0.30. Diabetic duration, BMI, HbA1c, fasting and postprandial blood glucose level were positively associated with daily insulin dose, while age was negatively associated with daily insulin dose. Diabetic duration, BMI, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose level, and using metformin were positively associated with BD/TDD ratio, while age, postprandial C peptide, postprandial blood glucose level and CRE level were negatively associated with BD/TDD ratio. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The daily insulin doses of intensive treatment in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients was 38.22 IU/day, the mean daily insulin doses per weight was 0.58 IU/kg, mean BD/TDD ratio was 0.23

Immunological Mechanism of Faecal Bacterial Transplantation in the Intervention of Ulcerative Colitis

BackgroundUlcerative colitis is listed as one of the modern refractory diseases by the World Health Organization. At present, Western medicine still has many shortcomings in its treatment, and studies have shown that fecal bacterial transplantation (FMT) has a certain effect on it, but the mechanism is not clear.ObjectiveFMT was used to treat mouse ulcerative colitis model to verify the efficacy and possible mechanism of FMT.MethodsFrom December 2019 to April 2020, 60 mice were divided into normal control group (Control group) , ulcerative colitis model group (Model group) , ulcerative colitis model + fecal bacteria transplantation treatment group (Model+FMT group) and ulcerative colitis model + 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) treatment group (Model+5-ASA group) by random number table method, each of 15 mice. Control group did not make any intervention; Model group prepared mouse ulcerative colitis model; after successful modeling, the Model+FMT group was given 0.2 ml of fecal bacteria solution per enema; after successful modeling, the Model+5-ASA group was given 0.019 5 g/ml 5-ASA enema. The ultrastructural changes of intestinal tissue through transmission electron microscope, flow cytometric detection of blood helper T cell (Th) -17, Th-1, Th-2, Treg cell content changes, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were observed to detect serum interferon &#x03B3; (IFN-&#x03B3;) , interleukin (IL) -2, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor &#x03B2; (TGF-&#x03B2;) level changes.ResultsIntestinal tissue transmission electron microscopy ultrastructure showed that the Model group was successfully modeled; the microvilli in the Model+FMT group and Model+5-ASA group were denser, with normal morphology, more goblet cells, slight swelling of mitochondria, and insignificant rough endoplasmic reticulum lesions. The Th17 cell content of the Model+FMT group was higher than that of the Control group and lower than that of the Model group; the Th17 cell content of the Model+5-ASA group was lower than that of Control group, Model group and Model+FMT group. The Th1 cell content of Model+FMT group and Model+5-ASA group were lower than those of Control group and Model group, respectively; Th2 cell content of Model+FMT group was lower than that of Control group and higher than that of Model group, and Th2 cell content of Model+5-ASA group was lower than that of Control group and higher than that of Model group and Model +FMT group. Treg cell content in Model+FMT group and Model+5-ASA group were lower than that of Control group and higher than that of Model group (P&lt;0.05) . IFN-&#x03B3; cell content in Model+5-ASA group was lower than that of Model group. IL-2 cell content in Model+FMT group and Model+5-ASA group was lower than that of Model group; the IL-17 cell content of Model+FMT group and Model+5-ASA group were lower than those of Control group and Model group, respectively. The IL-17 cell content of Model+5-ASA group was lower than that of Model+FMT group; the IL-4 cell content of Model+FMT group was lower than that of Control group and higher than that of Model group. The IL-4 cell content in the Model+5-ASA group was higher than that in the Model group; the IL-10 cell content in the Model+FMT group was higher than that in the Control group and the Model group, and the IL-10 cell content in the Model+5-ASA group was higher than that in the Model group; the content of TGF-&#x03B2; cells in the Model+FMT group and Model+5-ASA group were lower than those in the Control group and higher than those in the Model group (P&lt;0.05) .ConclusionFMT can improve the symptoms of ulcerative colitis in mice. It is speculated that it may be achieved by adjusting the balance of Th1/Th2 cells and the ratio of Th17/Treg cells to achieve the purpose of treatment