L’égalité entre les sexes et protection de la grossesse de la femme salariée au Sénégal

Le respect des droits fondamentaux dans un système juridique se jauge à la lumière de la protection des droits des minorités, des enfants et des femmes. Le Sénégal accorde une part importante de sa législation aux droits de ces personnes, et particulièrement les enfants et les femmes. S’agissant de ces dernières, il a ratifié toutes les conventions de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) assurant la protection de leurs droits à travers la non-discrimination devant l’emploi et la pr..

Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Prime-Boost Vaccination with ChAd63 and MVA Encoding ME-TRAP against Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Adults in Senegal.

Malaria transmission is in decline in some parts of Africa, partly due to the scaling up of control measures. If the goal of elimination is to be achieved, additional control measures including an effective and durable vaccine will be required. Studies utilising the prime-boost approach to deliver viral vectors encoding the pre-erythrocytic antigen ME-TRAP (multiple epitope thrombospondin-related adhesion protein) have shown promising safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in sporozoite challenge studies. More recently, a study in Kenyan adults, similar to that reported here, showed substantial efficacy against P. falciparum infection. One hundred and twenty healthy male volunteers, living in a malaria endemic area of Senegal were randomised to receive either the Chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd63) ME-TRAP as prime vaccination, followed eight weeks later by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) also encoding ME-TRAP as booster, or two doses of anti-rabies vaccine as a comparator. Prior to follow-up, antimalarials were administered to clear parasitaemia and then participants were monitored by PCR for malaria infection for eight weeks. The primary endpoint was time-to-infection with P. falciparum malaria, determined by two consecutive positive PCR results. Secondary endpoints included adverse event reporting, measures of cellular and humoral immunogenicity and a meta-analysis of combined vaccine efficacy with the parallel study in Kenyan adults.We show that this pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine is safe and induces significant immunogenicity, with a peak T-cell response at seven days after boosting of 932 Spot Forming Cells (SFC)/106 Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells(PBMC) compared to 57 SFC/ 106 PBMCs in the control group. However, a vaccine efficacy was not observed: 12 of 57 ME-TRAP vaccinees became PCR positive during the intensive monitoring period as compared to 13 of the 58 controls (P = 0.80). This trial confirms that vaccine efficacy against malaria infection in adults may be rapidly assessed using this efficient and cost-effective clinical trial design. Further efficacy evaluation of this vectored candidate vaccine approach in other malaria transmission settings and age-de-escalation into the main target age groups for a malaria vaccine is in progress

The influence of the larval microbiome on susceptibility to Zika virus is mosquito genotype-dependent.

The microbiome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is largely determined by the environment and influences mosquito susceptibility for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Larval interactions with different bacteria can have carry-over effects on adult Ae. aegypti replication of arboviruses, but little is known about the role that mosquito host genetics play in determining how larval-bacterial interactions shape Ae aegypti susceptibility to arboviruses. To address this question, we isolated single bacterial isolates and complex microbiomes from Ae. aegypti larvae from various field sites in Senegal. Either single bacterial isolates or complex microbiomes were added to two different genetic backgrounds of Ae. aegypti in a gnotobiotic larval system. Using 16S amplicon sequencing we showed that the bacterial community structure differs between the two genotypes of Ae. aegypti when given identical microbiomes, and the abundance of single bacterial taxa differed between Ae. aegypti genotypes. Using single bacterial isolates or the entire preserved complex microbiome, we tested the ability of specific larval microbiomes to drive differences in infection rates for Zika virus in different genetic backgrounds of Ae. aegypti. We observed that the proportion of Zika virus-infected adults was dependent on the interaction between the larval microbiome and Ae. aegypti host genetics. By using the larval microbiome as a component of the environment, these results demonstrate that interactions between the Ae. aegypti genotype and its environment can influence Zika virus infection. As Ae. aegypti expands and adapts to new environments under climate change, an understanding of how different genotypes interact with the same environment will be crucial for implementing arbovirus transmission control strategies

Baseline characteristics

<p>Baseline characteristics</p

Consort 2010 flow diagram

<p>Consort 2010 flow diagram</p

Local and systemic adverse event profiles for each vaccination, stratified by severity.

<p>Local and systemic adverse event profiles for each vaccination, stratified by severity.</p

Parasite density as measured by PCR for each trial.

<p>Each line represents an individual volunteer. P = PCR testing performed. During the PCR monitoring follow-up period, blood samples were tested by PCR three times a week from day 70 to day 95 and once per week from day 98 to day 119.</p

Vaccine efficacy by Cox regression for any parasitaemia and parasitaemia >10 per ml

<p>Vaccine efficacy by Cox regression for any parasitaemia and parasitaemia >10 per ml</p

Vaccine immunogenicity.

<p>(A and B). Anti-TRAP IgG titres and IFN-γ ELISpot responses to TRAP peptide pools before and after vaccination. **** p<0.0001, Kruskall-Wallis with Dunn’s post-test; ^^^^ p<0.0001, 2-tailed Mann Whitney test. Lines represent geometric means. (C). Correlation between humoral and cellular immunogenicity for ME-TRAP vaccinees, 2-tailed Pearson’s test, n = 54. (D). Proportion of vaccinees with positive responses to TRAP peptide pools after boosting with MVA. Labels on x-axis refer to peptide pools described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0167951#pone.0167951.s003" target="_blank">S3 Table</a>. E. Epitope mapping of TRAP peptide TT1-10, 11–20 and 21–30 using cryopreserved PBMC. Each colour represents a different volunteer, n = 6. F. Neutralising antibody titres to the ChAd63 vector measured in Senegalese and UK volunteers, 2-tailed Mann-Whitney.</p