Chapitre II. Les agences de l’eau

1. Introduction Peu de gens le savent, mais l’eau potable à domicile est une conquête du xxe siècle dans les pays les plus développés. D’abord considérée comme un luxe, elle se banalise après la seconde guerre mondiale avec le développement des réseaux d’alimentation en eau dans les villes, puis dans les campagnes. Aujourd’hui, l’eau rythme chaque jour les activités de notre quotidien et elle est vitale à nos besoins les plus essentiels. Apparue il y a 3 à 4 milliards d’années, l’eau est pres..

Traitements conventionnels et émergents des eaux usées de la filière traitement de surface

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Discharge waters : determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels by a GC-MS/MS method

International audienceThe aim of this work was to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in discharge waters from municipal and industrial treatment plants. For this purpose a simple and sensitive method for the analysis of 16 PAHs at ultra-trace levels in water has been developed and validated using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The total PAH content was in the range 100-800 ng L-1 for samples from surface treatment (ST) industries against 700-2000 ng L-1 for samples from municipal plants. Among PAHs, maximal values of 850 ng L-1 and 340 ng L-1 were obtained for phenanthrene in municipal and industrial discharge waters, respectively. Furthermore, the environmental quality standard of the Water Framework Directive expressed as maximal allowable concentrations in municipal treated waters was only overshot for benzo[g, h, i]perylene, a priority substance, and for fluoranthene, classified as a priority hazardous substance

Otoskills training during covid-19 pandemic: a before-after study

International audienceBackground: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the surgical training of residents. There is a real concern that trainees will not be able to meet their training requirements. Low-fidelity surgical simulation appears to be an alternative for surgical training. The educational benefits of repeating ossiculoplasty simulations under a microscope have never been evaluated. With this study we aimed to evaluate the differences in performance scores and on a global rating scale before and after training on an ossiculoplasty simulator. Methods: In this quasi-experimental, prospective, single-centre, before-after study with blinded rater evaluation, residents performed five microscopic ossiculoplasty tasks with a difficulty gradient (sliding beads onto rods, the insertion of a partial prosthesis, the insertion of a total prosthesis, and the insertion of a stapedotomy piston under microscopic or endoscopic surgery) before and after training on the same simulator. Performance scores were defined for each task, and total performance scores (score/min) were calculated. All data were collected prospectively. Results: Six out of seven intermediate residents and 8/9 novices strongly agreed that the simulator was an effective training device and should be included in the ENT residency program. The mean effect of training was a significant increase in the total performance score (+ 0.52 points/min, [95 % CI, 0.40-0.64], p < 0.001), without a significant difference between novice and intermediate residents. Conclusions: This preliminary study shows that techniques for middle-ear surgery can be acquired using a simulator, avoiding any risk for patients, even under lockdown measures

Discharge waters: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contents by a GC-MS/MS method

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Analytical monitoring of the chemicals present in the discharge water generated by the surface treatment industry

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Chapitre III. Campagne RSDE – Recherche et réduction des substances dangereuses dans l’eau

1. Introduction Parmi les sources potentielles de pollution, le secteur industriel, a entrepris depuis de nombreuses années, des efforts importants afin de réduire et de surveiller les volumes de polluants rejetés dans le milieu aquatique (Eckenfelder, 2001 ; Cox et al., 2006 ; Crini et Badot, 2007). En effet, à partir des années 1970, des investissements ont été, par exemple, réalisés pour mettre en œuvre des technologies de traitement des eaux usées via l’installation sur site de stations d..

Modification of a wastewater decontamination station: Chemical, ecotoxicological, and technical-economic impacts

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Effects of additional sorption treatment of industrial water discharge by cross-linked starch

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Effect of Additional Sorption Treatment by Cross-Linked Starch of Wastewater from a Surface Finishing Plant

International audienceCross-linked starch, a nonconventional sorbent, was used for the final treatment of industrial wastewater discharges from a surface-treatment plant. Batch experiments showed that the material exhibited high sorption capacities toward metal and fluoride ions, leading to concentrations under current regulation values. In particular, 40-50% of the aluminum was removed, as well as 50-60% of the fluoride. Moreover, the treatment led to a significant decrease of boron and of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Measurements of the germination rate of Lactuca saliva seeds, used as a phytotoxicity test, were carried out on discharged industrial waters before and after the finishing sorption treatment. The results indicated a synergistic negative effect of the inorganic pollutants on seed germination, whereas each element taken alone presented a considerably lower impact. Both the chemical abatement and toxicity mitigation of wastewater showed that sorption onto a nonconventional sorbent might constitute an interesting additional treatment step for the detoxification of industrial wastewater