Femtosecond Laser-Produced Plasma X-Rays from Periodically Modulated Surface Targets

We have studied theoretically and experimentally the x-ray production above 1 keV from femtosecond laser plasmas generated on periodically modulated surface targets. Laser energy coupling to plasma surface waves has been modeled using a numerical differential method. Almost total absorption of incident laser radiation is predicted for optimized interaction conditions. Silicon gratings have been irradiated by a 120fs Ti:sapphire laser at irradiances in excess of 1016 W/cm2. X-ray intensities above 1.5 keV (K-shell lines) have been measured as a function of the incidence angle. Results show a distinct x-ray emission maximum for the first order diffraction angle and are in good qualitative agreement with our theoretical predictions

Islamic finance: An entrepreneurial management perspective

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017. Increasing attention has been placed on the Islamic finance sector because of its entrepreneurial approach to money management. The aim of this chapter is to focus on the entrepreneurial management approaches to Islamic finance by looking at the global money market. The innovative financial management practices used by Islamic businesses are discussed in terms of religious entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that Islamic finance is more entrepreneurial than other cultural forms of money exchange. Suggestions for future research are stated that integrate an Islamic management approach to finance based practices