Qualités de la viande d’agneaux d’herbe produits en élevage biologique ou conventionnel

La mention "Agriculture Biologique" sur un produit garantit une manière de produire, mais l’obligation de résultats est limitée à la conformation et l’état d’engraissement de la carcasse, d’où des questions sur les qualités alimentaires du produit viande

The European language technology landscape in 2020 : language-centric and human-centric AI for cross-cultural communication in multilingual Europe

Multilingualism is a cultural cornerstone of Europe and firmly anchored in the European treaties including full language equality. However, language barriers impacting business, cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication are still omnipresent. Language Technologies (LTs) are a powerful means to break down these barriers. While the last decade has seen various initiatives that created a multitude of approaches and technologies tailored to Europe’s specific needs, there is still an immense level of fragmentation. At the same time, AI has become an increasingly important concept in the European Information and Communication Technology area. For a few years now, AI – including many opportunities, synergies but also misconceptions – has been overshadowing every other topic. We present an overview of the European LT landscape, describing funding programmes, activities, actions and challenges in the different countries with regard to LT, including the current state of play in industry and the LT market. We present a brief overview of the main LT-related activities on the EU level in the last ten years and develop strategic guidance with regard to four key dimensions

Variable Valve Actuation Systems for Homogeneous Diesel Combustion: How Interesting are They?

With a high thermal efficiency and with low CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, Diesel engines would become leader of tomorrow's transport market. However, the evolution of the regulatory constraints leads to a drastic reduction of their NOx (nitrogen oxide) and particulate emissions. Another interesting competitor to the NOx after-treatment systems is the use of new combustion concepts to reduce the raw emissions: homogeneous combustion (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition - HCCI- or Highly Premixed Combustion - HPC). Nonetheless, such concepts present non negligible drawbacks such as a limited zero NOx operating range, huge external gas recirculation (EGR) needs which forces a complete redesign of the air path circuit maintaining a high level of full load performances, and above all excessive HC (unburned hydrocarbon) and CO (carbon monoxide) emissions at low load. The emerging Variable Valve Actuation technologies (VVA) could totally change the deal of the new combustion processes especially through the internal EGR possibilities and the effective compression ratio reduction. Through the well known dual mode HCCI combustion concept NADI™ developed by IFP, this paper aims at evaluating the improvement potential of this kind of combustion concept with the use of several intake and exhaust VVA configurations and makes a comparison between these approaches. The results come from a single cylinder engine equipped with a fully variable intake and exhaust VVA (camless). After a brief description of the VVA system and the possibilities offered, two aspects of the potential are studied: – the different ways to obtain internal EGR and its main interests with the high potential to reduce HC and CO emissions at low load in homogeneous combustion (HCCI or HPC): 70% reduction on the HC emissions, 40% on CO emissions keeping same NOx emissions level; – the effective compression ratio reduction with a view to increase the maximum load with very low NOx emissions. First, the ways to reduce the effective compression ratio are presented and then, the reduced possibilities given in this field due to decrease of air flow are analysed

Semantic framework for context-aware monitoring of AAL ecosystems

International audienceThe Web of Objects is a new emerging concept that represents a new way of organizing physical or immaterial objects—or things—delivering a high level of services that can be discovered, composed, executed, and monitored. Building an ambient assisted living (AAL) ecosystem, according to this vision, is of great interest since it consists of multiple heterogeneous objects that need to be semantically and automatically interoperable. In this chapter, a new semantic framework for monitoring the AAL heterogeneous ecosystems is presented. This framework deals with context awareness and closed-world assumption (CWA) semantic reasoning in designing management rules and ontologies. It preserves, on one hand, the structural expressiveness provided by ontologies, through the compatibility with the W3C recommendations and, on the other hand, it takes advantage of the full benefit of the production rule reasoning. It is capable of dynamically detecting real-world objects and capturing their contexts, in order to identify the specific changes that are happening in the environment, to infer the current situation and to react accordingly. Context management is designed by combining the micro-concept ontology language into a set rules and queries using the SEMbySEM business rule language. These rules allow us to express high-level reasoning over context events, sent from the façade, while the queries allow us to generate high-level monitoring views, concerning manageable objects status and context, as well as their measures and produced activities. Conversely, the monitoring rules can trigger control actions that are translated, by the façade, into concrete operations on the targeted manageable object. In order to validate the proposed framework, a scenario dedicated to the safety of elderly people in smart homes is proposed and implemented hereby

Wheat Germ Agglutinin: A Review of Recent Results

International audienceMany biological molecules contain sugars: glycolipids, lipopoly-saccharides, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, and proteoglycans. For a long time, the role of the sugar moiety of these compounds has remained unknown. Thirty years ago, it was shown (1) that the antigenic determinants of blood group substances were the oligosaccharide residues of cell surface glycoconjugates. That these substances are highly antigenic is proven by the strong reaction (and sometimes the lethal consequences) which sets in after transfusion of an incompatible blood. Even leaving aside the numerous enzymatic reactions involved in the metabolism of glycoconjugates, there remains a large number of biological phenomena in which sugar-protein interactions are implied. A tremendous amount of work has been devoted to this subject in the last decade. Anti-sugar myeloma antibodies have been characterized (2). Bacterial (3) and plant (4) toxins bind to membrane glycoconjugates before exerting their cytotoxicity. Sugar binding proteins, called lectins (5), have been identified in almost all living things, from viruses to mammals, and bacteria and fungi to plants (6–13). Lectins are proteins, (or glycoproteins), devoid of enzymatic activity, which selectively bind simple carbohydrates, polysaccharides, and/or the sugar moieties of glycoconjugates

Effect of temperature, salt and water content on the time-course evolution of proteolysis intensity in small laboratory pork meat samples

(Poster / Résumé)International audienc

Characterization of Longissimus thoracis, Semitendinosus and Masseter muscles and relationships with technological quality in pigs. 1. Microscopic analysis of muscles

International audienceThree porcine muscles (Longissimus thoracis, Semitendinosus, Masseter), known to have large differences in biochemical and histological traits, were fully characterized and the link between muscle structure and quality evaluated. The oxidative Masseter had more pigment, higher content of metmyoglobin, haem iron, protein and collagen, and was redder with higher fibre numbers, fibre circularity, pH and water holding capacity than the glycolytic Longissimus. Fibre type distribution showed predominance of type IIB in Longissimus and Semitendinosus white, type I in Semitendinosus red and IIA in Masseter. Type I fibres were larger than type BB and IIA in Semitendinosus and Masseter, respectively, but not in the Longissimus, indicating that fibre size is muscle dependent. Muscle redness was positively correlated with type I fibre traits, haem iron and metmyoglobin, and negatively associated with type II fibre characteristics, non-haem iron and oxymyoglobin. Expressible juice had positive correlation with fibre size and negative with fibre number and connective tissu

A comparative study of macromolecular substances of a Coorongite and cell walls of the extant alga Botryococcus braunii

A Coorongite sample of Lake Balkash (Kazakhstan, CIS) was analyzed in detail by 13C-NMR, FTIR, Curie point pyrolysisgas chromatographymass spectrometry, and by fractionation and derivatization with dimethyldisulphide of an off-line pyrolysate. Both the spectroscopic and the pyrolysis data indicate that the Coorongite was derived almost entirely of organic matter of the green microalga Botryococcus braunii race A. Homologous series of n-alkanes and n-alk-1-en-9 in all pyrolysates indicated the presence of algaenan, a highly aliphatic and resistant cell wall biomacromolecule of B. Braunii race A. Highly specific pyrolysis products, in particular n-alkadienes, n-alkatrienes, alk-1-en-9-ones, and alk-1-en-10-ones with C27, C29, and C31 carbon atoms clearly indicated that C27, C29, and C31 alkadienes and alkatrienes, originally present in B. braunii race A as such, were cross-linked by oxygen during the very early stages of diagenesis under oxic conditions. Furthermore, several types of dialkenylethers, also present as soluble lipids in B. braunii race A, had undergone cross-linking by oxygen as well. These cross-linked lipids contribute significantly to the Coorongite and clearly demonstrate that under specific conditions kerogen consists of both preserved biomacromolecules and insoluble, cross-linked, low-molecular-weight lipids

Characterization of Longissimus thoracis, Semitendinosus and Masseter muscles and relationships with technological quality in pigs. 2. Composition of muscles

International audienceThe composition of three porcine muscles (Longissimus thoracis: LT, Semitendinosus: ST, Masseter: MS) was characterized and its link with muscle quality was evaluated. The LT muscle had a higher content of tyrosine, tryptophan, and carbohydrates and a lower content of vitamin E and haem iron than the MS muscle, while the ST had similar composition to MS but a lower content of haem iron. Large differences between muscles were observed in relative amounts of most of the major fatty acids. The LT muscle had higher saturated fatty acids (SFA) and n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio, and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFA:SFA ratio, unsaturation index and average fatty acid chain length than the ST and MS muscles. Muscle pH, redness and chroma were positively correlated with vitamin E and unsaturated lipids and negatively correlated with tyrosine, tryptophan, carbohydrates and saturated lipids, whereas muscle lightness and expressible juice showed similar correlations but an opposite sign with these variable