410 research outputs found

    Empowering Citizen Deliberation in Direct Democratic Elections: A Field Study of the 2012 Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review

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    Initiatives and referenda permit citizens to vote directly on legislation, but voters often lack essential policy information when deciding whether to support the measures on their ballots. Since citizens often do not trust policy experts and political elites to provide trustworthy information, the State of Oregon (USA) created an institution to address that problem. After an initial test in 2010, Oregon’s governor signed into law the Citizens’ Initiative Review Commission, which convened two stratified random samples of twenty-four Oregon voters. The first panel spent a week examining a tax reform measure, and the second reviewed a measure that would establish private casinos. At the end of their deliberations, each panel produced a one-page Citizens’ Statement that was included in a Voters’ Pamphlet, which the Secretary of State mailed to every registered Oregon voter. Using direct observation, panelist interviews, and large-sample, statewide surveys, researchers studied the deliberative quality and statewide impact of this unique process. They discovered that the panels met a high standard for deliberation, both from the researchers’ perspective as observers and from the point of view of the participants themselves. A majority of Oregon voters became aware of the process, which produced relevant and factually accurate statements. Roughly two-thirds of those who read the statements found them to be helpful when deciding how to vote. Finally, an online survey experiment shows that reading the statements increased voter knowledge substantially. Thus, the Citizens’ Initiative Review appears to provide a viable model for using citizen-centered deliberation to inform the judgments of the voting public.DiffĂ©rentes initiatives participatives et les rĂ©fĂ©rendums permettent aux citoyens de voter directement les lois, mais les Ă©lecteurs disposent rarement des informations politiques essentielles pour pouvoir faire leur choix. Face au manque de confiance des citoyens envers la fiabilitĂ© des informations fournies par les spĂ©cialistes et les Ă©lites politiques, l'Etat de l'Oregon (Etats-Unis) a crĂ©Ă© une institution pour remĂ©dier Ă  ce problĂšme. AprĂšs un test initial en 2010, le gouverneur de l'Oregon a promulguĂ© la crĂ©ation d’une Commission d’examen d’initiative citoyenne (Citizens’ Initiative Review Commission), rĂ©unissant deux Ă©chantillons alĂ©atoires stratifiĂ©s de vingt-quatre Ă©lecteurs de l'Oregon, qui ont passĂ© une semaine entiĂšre Ă  examiner une mesure de rĂ©forme fiscale et une mesure visant Ă  la crĂ©ation de casinos privĂ©s. Au terme de leurs dĂ©libĂ©rations, chaque panel a rĂ©digĂ© une DĂ©claration des citoyens (Citizens’ Statement) d'une page qui a Ă©tĂ© intĂ©grĂ©e dans un document intitulĂ© la« Brochure des Electeurs » ( Voters’ Pamphlet). Celle-ci a Ă©tĂ© envoyĂ©e par le SecrĂ©taire d'Etat Ă  chaque Ă©lecteur inscrit de l'Oregon. Sur la base d’observations directes, d'interviews des membres de la Commission et d'enquĂȘtes Ă  grande Ă©chelle au niveau de l'Etat, les chercheurs de cette Ă©tude ont Ă©tudiĂ© la qualitĂ© dĂ©libĂ©rative et l'impact de ce processus unique au niveau de l’Etat de l’Oregon. Ils ont conclu que les panels rĂ©pondaient Ă  un haut niveau en matiĂšre de dĂ©libĂ©ration, Ă  la fois du point de vue des chercheurs en tant qu'observateurs et du point de vue des participants eux-mĂȘmes. Une majoritĂ© des Ă©lecteurs de l'Oregon ont eu conscience de ce processus, ce qui a gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© des dĂ©clarations pertinentes et conformes Ă  la rĂ©alitĂ©. Environ deux-tiers des personnes qui ont lu les DĂ©clarations les ont trouvĂ©es utiles au moment de leur dĂ©cision de vote. Enfin, une expĂ©rience de sondage en ligne montre que le fait de lire les DĂ©clarations a considĂ©rablement amĂ©liorĂ© les connaissances des Ă©lecteurs. Ainsi, l’Examen d’initiative citoyenne semble constituer un modĂšle viable d'utilisation de la dĂ©libĂ©ration citoyenne pour permettre aux Ă©lecteurs d'avoir un jugement Ă©clairĂ©.Varias iniciativas de democracia participativa y los referĂ©ndums permiten a los ciudadanos votar directamente sobre la legislaciĂłn, pero los votantes a menudo carecen de informaciĂłn polĂ­tica esencial cuando tienen que decidir si apoyan las medidas que figuran en sus papeletas de voto. Dado que los ciudadanos normalmente no confĂ­an en los expertos polĂ­ticos ni en la Ă©lite polĂ­tica para que les proporcionen informaciĂłn de confianza, el Estado de OregĂłn (EE. UU.) creĂł una instituciĂłn para abordar este problema. Tras un periodo inicial de prueba en 2010, el gobernador de OregĂłn promulgĂł la ComisiĂłn de RevisiĂłn de Iniciativa Ciudadana, que fue constituida por dos muestras aleatorias estratificadas de veinticuatro votantes de OregĂłn. Estos  grupos especiales de ciudadanos dedicaron toda una semana a examinar una medida de reforma fiscal y otra sobre el establecimiento de casinos privados. Al tĂ©rmino de sus deliberaciones, cada grupo elaborĂł una DeclaraciĂłn Ciudadana de una pĂĄgina que se incluyĂł en un panfleto para los votantes que el Secretario de Estado envĂ­o por correo a todos los votantes registrados en el Estado de OregĂłn. Utilizando una combinaciĂłn de observaciĂłn directa, entrevistas con los miembros de los grupos especiales y estudios a nivel estatal con una amplia muestra, los investigadores estudiaron la calidad deliberativa y el impacto a nivel estatal de este proceso Ășnico y llegaron a la conclusiĂłn de que los grupos especiales cumplĂ­an estrictas normas para la deliberaciĂłn, tanto desde la perspectiva de los investigadores como desde el punto de vista de los propios participantes. Una mayorĂ­a de los votantes de OregĂłn fueron conscientes del proceso, que produjo declaraciones relevantes y objetivamente precisas. Aproximadamente dos tercios de las personas que leyeron las declaraciones las encontraron Ăștiles a la hora de decidir en quĂ© sentido votar.  Finalmente, un experimento de una encuesta en lĂ­nea ha demostrado que leer las declaraciones aumentĂł sustancialmente los conocimientos de los votantes. Por lo tanto, la RevisiĂłn de Iniciativa Ciudadana parece proporcionar un modelo viable para utilizar la deliberaciĂłn centrada en los ciudadanos para informar los juicios del pĂșblico votante

    Inequality, Fiscal Capacity and the Political Regime: Lessons from the Post-Communist Transition

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    Using panel data for twenty-seven post-communist economies between 1987-2003, we examine the nexus of relationships between inequality, fiscal capacity (defined as the ability to raise taxes efficiently) and the political regime. Investigating the impact of political reform we find that full political freedom is associated with lower levels of income inequality. Under more oligarchic (authoritarian) regimes, the level of inequality is conditioned by the state’s fiscal capacity. Specifically, oligarchic regimes with more developed fiscal systems are able to defend the prevailing vested interests at a lower cost in terms of social injustice. This empirical finding is consistent with the model developed by Acemoglu (2006). We also find that transition countries undertaking early macroeconomic stabilisation now enjoy lower levels of inequality; we confirm that education fosters equality and the suggestion of Commander et al (1999) that larger countries are prone to higher levels of inequality.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57211/1/wp831 .pd

    Does discussion lead to opinion change within Political Science students? A pedagogical exercise of deliberative democracy

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    While the model of deliberative democracy gives a crucial role to dialog, empirical evidence has not yet established if discussion helps to reach a better understanding of political issues and, above all, if individuals are prepared to change their views. It is still unclear when the deliberative model, and more specifically discussion, could be usefully employed as a teaching tool, to improve students’ knowledge. This article presents an exercise performed within the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the LUISS University of Rome. Students were asked to discuss in the classroom the issues related to the course, and to cast a vote on selected issues before and after deliberation. Although our sample is not representative, we have gathered evidence from the same population on a rather large number of issues. Students changed their view in 24.6% of cases, and they agreed that discussion increased their understanding, while those with strong ex-ante views resulted more reluctant to change their opinions because of discussion. The analysis also showed the presence of individuals that are more likely to be permeable to discussion while others that are more likely to be impermeable
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