The Effects of Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine on the Blood Picture in the Rat

It has long been known that various stresses and stimuli elicit responses in the animal body, and since the stating of Cannon\u27s emergency function (1929), the adrenal medullary hormones have been credited with exciting many of the instantaneous responses to the animal body. The experiment was designed to determine: (1) whether nor-epinephrine has effects on the blood elements different from those seen after epinephrine treatment; (2) whether the dosage of hormone employed will affect the type of response obtained; and (3) whether the demedullated rat responds to the adrenal medullary hormones in the same pattern as the intact rat

Culture, Self, and Style

Insights about the meaning of culture by writers, critics, missionaries, historians, and anthropologists offer a background for the author to develop his own colorful observations about the subject

The prevalence and burden of subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review

Background: To review the prevalence and impact of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) below the diagnostic threshold and explore its treatment needs in times of scarce healthcare resources.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted until January 2013 using PUBMED/MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, EMBASE and reference lists to identify epidemiological studies of subthreshold GAD, i.e. GAD symptoms that do not reach the current thresholds of DSM-III-R, DSM-IV or ICD-10. Quality of all included studies was assessed and median prevalences of subthreshold GAD were calculated for different subpopulations.Results: Inclusion criteria led to 15 high-quality and 3 low-quality epidemiological studies with a total of 48,214 participants being reviewed. Whilst GAD proved to be a common mental health disorder, the prevalence for subthreshold GAD was twice that for the full syndrome. Subthreshold GAD is typically persistent, causing considerably more suffering and impairment in psychosocial and work functioning, benzodiazepine and primary health care use, than in non-anxious individuals. Subthreshold GAD can also increase the risk of onset and worsen the course of a range of comorbid mental health, pain and somatic disorders; further increasing costs. Results are robust against bias due to low study quality.Conclusions: Subthreshold GAD is a common, recurrent and impairing disease with verifiable morbidity that claims significant healthcare resources. As such, it should receive additional research and clinical attention. © 2014 Haller et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd