Dose-effect and pharmacokinetics of estrogens given to correct bleeding time in uremia

Dose-effect and pharmacokinetics of estrogens given to correct bleeding time in uremia. Conjugated estrogens have a significant and long-lasting effect in shortening bleeding time in patients with end-stage renal disease. The studies so far available indicate that repeated estrogen administrations are necessary to short bleeding time in uremia in a dose range of 95 to 325mg. With the present study we wanted to establish whether single or repeated doses are required to induce a significant shortening of bleeding time in uremia, and the minimum cumulative dose of conjugated estrogens necessary to control bleeding time for a prolonged period of time, and to check whether the prolonged effect of estrogens on bleeding time in uremia is due to an accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in the blood. Fifteen uremics on chronic hemodialysis were studied. A pilot study carried out in five uremic patients indicated that single or repeated estrogen infusions of 0.3 mg/kg did not significantly influence bleeding time values. Therefore the subsequent studies have been carried out using daily infusion of 0.6 mg/kg. A single estrogen infusion of 0.6 mg/kg shortened bleeding time in all patients. The effect was transient and bleeding time returned to pre-infusion values within 72 hours. A 50% decrease of bleeding time or a shortening of bleeding time more than 30 to 15 minutes or less was obtained in all patients with four or five infusions (0.6 mg/kg) spaced 24 hours apart. The effect lasted for 14 days. At day 25 from the last infusion all the patients had bleeding time values comparable with the pre-infusion ones. Pharmacokinetic parameters of both estrone sulfate and equilin sulfate, the major components of the estrogen mixture we used, were comparable in both controls and uremics and can be described assuming a two compartmental model. After repeated administrations of conjugated estrogens no accumulation of estrone sulfate and equilin sulfate or their metabolites was detectable in blood in both uremics and controls

V1/V2 Vasopressin receptor antagonism potentiates the renoprotection of renin–angiotensin system inhibition in rats with renal mass reduction

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Imobilização da inulinase de Kluyveromyces marxianus para a hidrólise de extratos de Helianthus tuberosus L.

Este trabalho estudou a imobilização da inulinase de Kluyveromyces marxianus em diferentes suportes, com a finalidade de promover a bioconversão da inulina de Helianthus tuberosus. A inulina de H. tuberosus foi extraída dos tubérculos, desproteinizada e concentrada a 25% de açúcares redutores totais (ART). A inulinase de K. marxianus foi concentrada em evaporador rotativo e imobilizada em quitina (com e sem glutaraldeído), alginato sódico (concentrações de 2 e 4%), pectina, membrana de diálise e sílica de porosidade controlada (SPC). Em quitina obteve-se taxas de imobilização de 73Unidades/g com glutaraldeído e 48 U/g sem glutaraldeído, mas a hidrólise foi baixa em ambos os tratamentos, o equivalente a 2,4% por hora. Em gel de alginato sódico, nas concentrações de 2 e 4%, converteram-se, respectivamente, 12% e 26%, em 1h. A imobilização em pectina foi impossibilitada devido à presença de pectinase no extrato enzimático. A contenção da enzima com o substrato em membrana de diálise proporcionou uma recuperação de 50% do ART em 6h. A SPC apresentou taxa de imobilização de 43 U/g sílica, proporcionando a hidrólise de 43% em 1h, entretanto sua atividade foi se exaurindo rapidamente durante o processo devido à inativação natural da enzima e a conformação dos poros da SPC

Copeptin levels are associated with organ dysfunction and death in the intensive care unit after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Introduction: We studied associations of the stress hormones copeptin and cortisol with outcome and organ dysfunction after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods: Plasma was obtained after consent from next of kin in the FINNRESUSCI study conducted in 21 Finnish intensive care units (ICUs) between 2010 and 2011. We measured plasma copeptin (pmol/L) and free cortisol (nmol/L) on ICU admission (245 patients) and at 48 hours (additional 33 patients). Organ dysfunction was categorised with 24-hour Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. Twelve-month neurological outcome (available in 276 patients) was classified with cerebral performance categories (CPC) and dichotomised into good (CPC 1 or 2) or poor (CPC 3 to 5). Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). A Mann-Whitney U test, multiple linear and logistic regression tests with odds ratios (ORs) 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and beta (B) values, repeated measure analysis of variance, and receiver operating characteristic curves with area under the curve (AUC) were performed. Results: Patients with a poor 12-month outcome had higher levels of admission copeptin (89, IQR 41 to 193 versus 51, IQR 29 to 111 pmol/L, P = 0.0014) and cortisol (728, IQR 522 to 1,017 versus 576, IQR 355 to 850 nmol/L, P = 0.0013). Copeptin levels fell between admission and 48 hours (P Conclusions: Admission copeptin and free cortisol were not of prognostic value regarding 12-month neurological outcome after OHCA. Higher admission copeptin and cortisol were associated with ICU death, and copeptin predicted subsequent organ dysfunction.Peer reviewe

Visualization and analysis of cellular & Twitter data using qgis

The study is to understand individual presence and movement in Friuli Venezia Giulia region. It is important for tourism planning, hazard management, business marketing, implementing government lifetime policies and benefit. The aim of this study is achieved by advanced web 2.0 applications. We need real time and geo-located data to monitor the inflow of tourist and to come up with effective promoting and benefiting plans for tourism, the evacuation and mitigation strategies during hazards to protect social life and environment with less infrastructure damage, marketing plans for advertising or selling of products. Despite wide spread success in predicting specific aspects of human behavior by social media information, a little attention is given to twitter and cell phone data. Accessibility to detailed human movements with fine spatial and temporal granularity is challenging due to confidentiality and safety reasons. With rapid development of web2.0 applications people can post about events, share opinion and emotions online. Using twitter data, how short term travelers, such as tourists, can be recognized and how their travel pattern can be analyzed. Study of finding tourist dynamics such as arriving and outgoing of tourist, sum of trips, sum of days and night spent, number of unique visitors, country of residence, main destination, secondary destination, transits pass through, repeat visits are achieved using CDR (call detail records) and DDR (data detail records)

A Simple Method to Measure Renal Function in Swine by the Plasma Clearance of Iohexol

There is no simple method to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in swine, an established model for studying renal disease. We developed a protocol to measure GFR in conscious swine by using the plasma clearance of iohexol. We used two groups, test and validation, with eight animals each. Ten milliliters of iohexol (6.47 g) was injected into the marginal auricular vein and blood samples (3 mL) were collected from the orbital sinus at different points after injection. GFR was determined using two models: two-compartment (CL2: all samples) and one-compartment (CL1: the last six samples). In the test group, CL1 overestimated CL2 by ~30%: CL2 = 245 ± 93 and CL1 = 308 ± 123 mL/min. This error was corrected by a first-order polynomial quadratic equation to CL1, which was considered the simplified method: SM = −47.909 + (1.176xCL1) − (0.00063968xCL12). The SM showed narrow limits of agreement with CL2, a concordance correlation of 0.97, and a total deviation index of 14.73%. Similar results were obtained for the validation group. This protocol is reliable, reproducible, can be performed in conscious animals, uses a single dose of the marker, and requires a reduced number of samples, and avoids urine collection. Finally, it presents a significant improvement in animal welfare conditions and handling necessities in experimental trials

A Simplified Iohexol-Based Method to Measure Renal Function in Sheep Models of Renal Disease

12 Pág.Sheep are highly adequate models for human renal diseases because of their many similarities in the histology and physiology of kidney and pathogenesis of kidney diseases. However, the lack of a simple method to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) limits its use as a model of renal diseases. Hence, we aimed to develop a simple method to measure GFR based on the plasma clearance of iohexol by assessing different pharmacokinetic models: (a) CL2: two-compartment (samples from 15 to 420 min; reference method); (b) CL1: one-compartment (samples from 60 to 420 min); (c) CLlf: CL1 adjusted by a correction formula and (d) SM: simplified CL2 (15 to 300 min). Specific statistics of agreement were used to test the models against CL2. The agreement between CL1 and CL2 was low, but both CL1f and SM showed excellent agreement with CL2, as indicated by a total deviation index of ~5-6%, a concordance correlation of 0.98-0.99% and a coverage probability of 99-100%, respectively. Hence, the SM approach is preferable due to a reduced number of samples and shorter duration of the procedure; two points that improve animal management and welfare.This research received no external funding.Peer reviewe