Uporedno ispitivanje karakteristika razlièitih formulacija pesticida sa istom aktivnom materijom

Characteristics of two formulations of trifluralin, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and emulsion, oil in water (EW), the latter being a new formulation of our design, were investigated and compared. Attention was focused on particle size distribution and aspects of the two aqueous dilute formulations as the most characteristic and comparable parameters. The results show that the trifluralin EW formulation has certain advantages over the EC formulation, but a final estimate will be possible only after testing biological efficacy of the new formulation (EW).U radu su ispitivane i upoređivane karakteristike dve formulacije trifluralina, koncentrat za emulziju (EC) i emulzija ulja u vodi (EW), koja je potpuno nova – nastala kao rezultat sopstvenog rada. Tokom ispitivanja pažnja je bila usmerena na poređenje granulometrijskog sastava i izgleda pomenutih formulacija u razblaženju, kao karakterističnih parametara za poređenje. Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da formulacija trifluralina ulje u vodi (EW) pokazuje izvesne prednosti u odnosu na koncentrat za emulziju (EC), s tim da će se konačna ocena dobiti nakon ispitivanja biološke efikasnosti nove formulacije (EW)

Određivanje sadržaja aktivne materije u koncentrovanim suspenzijama na osnovu korelacije rezultata sa sadržajem suvog ostatka

The possiblity of determining contents of active ingredients based on their correlation with dry conent in suspension concentrates was investigated. Five suspension concentrate products were tested: Atrazin SC, Prometrin SC, Galofungin 500 SC, Dakoflo and Dakoflo 720. The data obtained in this investigation showed that correlation between active ingredient contents and dry contents may provide calibration lines on the basis of which unknown contents of active ingredients could be determined. The procedure could especially prove useful in process control.U radu je ispitivana mogućnost određivanja sadržaja aktivne materije u koncentrovanim suspenzijama na osnovu korelacija izvedenih sa sadržajem suvih ostataka. Ispitivanja su izvedena sa ciljem da se proveri mogućnost određivanja sadržaja aktivnih materija na bazi određenog sadržaja suvog ostatka. U razmatranje je uzeto pet različitih preparata formulisanih kao koncentrovane suspenzije: Atrazin SC, Prometrin SC, Galofungin 500 SC, Dakoflo i Dakoflo 720. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da je moguće uspostavljanje korelacije koja daje mogućnost uspostavljanja kalibracionih pravih i može da posluži kao pouzdan pokazatelj sadržaja aktivne materije tokom procesne kontrole jer omogućava veoma brzo dobijanje rezultata

Novi tipovi formulacija u zaštiti bilja: emulzije ulja u vodi (EW)

Characteristics of emulsion, oil in water (EW) as a pesticide formulation system are surveyed. A short description is given of its formation and effect of surface active ingredients on the stability of such systems. Typical instances of instability occurring during formation are discussed, as well as possibilities for securing kinetic stability. Furthermore, possible procedures for preparation and industrial production of emulsions are offered. Finally, some basic test methods are proposed, and advantages listed of that formulation type over emulsifiable concentrates.U radu je dat pregled karakteristika emulzija ulja u vodi kao sistema za formulisanje pesticida. Dat je kratak pregled njihovog obrazovanja i uticaja površinski aktivnih materija na stabilnost ovih sistema. Diskutovane su tipične nestabilnosti do kojih dolazi pri njihovom obrazovanju kao i mogućnosti za postizanje kinetičke stabilnosti. Dalje, ukazano je na načine pripremanja i industrijske proizvodnje emulzija ulja u vodi. Na kraju, istaknute su osnovne metode za njihovu proveru, a ukazano je i na prednosti koje ovaj tip formulacija ima u odnosu na koncentrate za emulzije

Akutna toksičnost herbicida GAL-57 (bentazon + dikamba) za pacova

An acute oral toxicity study of the herbicide GAL-57 (Avalon), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba as active ingredients, was investigated on rats, using a new method that has been used in the past several years (2001). Clinical observations symptoms and mortality were performed for all animals in different time intervals after treatment, and gross necropsy was performed at the end of observation period. Clinical symptoms (decreased activity, prone position, abnormal limb position, decreased righting reflex, decreased grip and limb tone, decreased body and abdominal tone, dyspnoea) of marked degree were noted after administration of 2000 mg/kg, and animals were dead in the period of 30-60 minutes after the treatment. GAL-57 did not cause any clinical sings at single 300 mg/kg bw dose. The physical condition and behaviour of animals (males and females) were normal, and it is not differ in reaction to the control. According to the methodology used in the present study, it could be concluded that the acute oral LD-50 value of the GAL-57 proved to be between 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight in rats, and the product was ranked into Poison group III according to Serbian criteria, category 4 of the Global Harmonized Classification System, and Category III of the EPA classification.Akutna oralna toksičnost herbicida (preparata) GAL-57 (Avalon), koji je mešavina dve aktivne materije, bentazon i dikamba, ispitivana je na pacovima primenom nove metode koja se koristi tek nekoliko godina (od 2001. godine). Praćeni su simptomi trovanja i smrtnost životinja u različitim intervalima nakon doziranja, a po završetku perioda opservacije obavljene su odgovarajuće patohistološke analize. Kod životinja koje su dobijale preparat GAL-57 u dozi od 2000 mg/kg, registrovana je pojava veoma izraženih simptoma trovanja kao što su: smanjena aktivnost, nekoordinirano kretanje, opušten položaj zadnjih nogu (koje vuku pri kretanju), smanjen refleks, smanjen tonus udova i čitavog tela, dispneja. Simptomi se postepeno intenziviraju, a životinje uginjavaju u periodu 30-60 minuta posle tretiranja. Kod životinja koje su dobijale preparat GAL-57 u dozi od 300 mg/kg nije bilo uginjavanja, niti su registrovane pojave kliničkih simptoma trovanja. Njihova fizička aktivnost i ponašanje (i kod mužjaka i kod ženki) nisu se značajnije razlikovali u odnosu na kontrolne životinje. Po metodologiji korišćenoj u ovim ispitivanjima može se zaključiti da se LD-50 herbicida GAL-57 kreće između 300 i 2000 mg/kg, pa prema tome preparat može biti razvrstan po našim kriterijumima u III grupu otrova, u kategoriju 4 po kriterijumima Globalno usaglašenog sistema klasifikacije (Globally Harmonized Classification System), odnosno u kategoriju III po klasifikaciji EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

Ispitivanja genotoksičnosti herbicida GAL-57 na Salmonella typhimurium i Escherichia coli

Genotoxicity of the herbicide GAL-57, containing two active ingredients; bentazon and dicamba, was investigated using the Ames test. Salmonella typhimurium (tester strains TA98 and TA100) and Escherichia coli (strain WP2uvrA) were used. Nine product concentrations were tested at a range of 19.53-5000 μg/plate and each concentration, as well as the controls, in triplicate. Testing was done with and without metabolic activation (liver microsomal fraction, S-9 mix). The results of our investigation revealed no biological or statistically significant increase in mutagenic factors, and this offered a basis for our conclusion that the herbicide GAL-57 has no genotoxic properties (with or without metabolic activation) under experimental conditions in the Ames test.Genotoksična svojstva herbicida GAL-57, koji u svom sastavu ima dve aktivne materije, bentazon i dikambu, ispitivana su primenom Ames-ovog testa. Korišćene su bakterije Salmonella typhimurium (sojevi TA98 i TA100) i Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA soj). Ispitivano je devet koncentracija preparata u opsegu 19.53-5000 μg/ploča pri čemu je svaka koncentracija, kao i kontrole, testirana po tri puta. Ispitivanje je obavljeno sa i bez metaboličke aktivacije (mikrozomska frakcija jetre, S-9 mix). Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da nema ni biološki ni statistički značajnog povećanja faktora mutacije na osnovu čega se zaključuje da herbicid GAL-57, u eksperimentalnim uslovima Ames-ovog testa, ne poseduje genotoksična svojstva (sa i bez metaboličke aktivacije)

Delovanje metribuzina na aktivnost nekih enzima u zemljištu

Eeffects of metribuzin on the activity of some enzymes in soil was investigated. Trials were set up in the laboratory on a clay loam soil. Metribuzin was applied at 12.0, 24.0 and 60.0 mg/kg soil rates and soil samples were collected 3, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days after metribuzin treatment for analyses. Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, urease and β-glucosidase were recorded. The results showed that the intensity of metribuzin effects on the activity of enzymes depended on treatment rate, exposure time and enzyme group. Metribuzin had an inhibiting effect on acid phosphatese and dehydrogenase, as well as on alkaline phosphatase in the initial stage before it turned into a stimulating one, while metribuzin stimulated urease and had no effect on β-glucosidase.U radu je ispitivano delovanje metribuzina na aktivnost nekih enzima u zemljištu. Ogled je postavljen u laboratorijskim uslovima na zemljištu tipa černozem. Metribuzin je primenjen u količinama 12,0, 24,0 i 60,0 mg/kg zemljišta, a uzorci za analizu uzimani su 3, 7, 15, 30 i 45 dana posle primene metribuzina. Praćena je aktivnost enzima alkalna i kisela fosfataza, dehidrogenaza, ureaza i β-glukozidaza. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da delovanje metribuzina na aktivnost enzima zavisi od primenjene količine, dužine delovanja i vrste enzima. Metribuzin je delovao inhibitorno na kiselu fosfatazu i dehidrogenazu, na alkalnu fosfatazu prvo je delovao inhibitorno, a kasnije stimulativno, na ureazu je delovao stimulativno, dok na β-glukozidazu nije delovao

Ispitivanja mutagenih svojstava herbicida GAL-57 (bentazon + dikamba) primenom mikronukleus testa

A micronucleus test was run to investigate mutagenic potential of the herbicide GAL-57, a formulated mixture of bentazone and dicamba. The test was applied to mice of both sexes (strain: CRL: NMRI BR) and the herbicide (product) was administered by gavage at 2000 mg/kg rate, twice within 24 hs. Cyclophosphamide (positive control) was administered at 60 mg/kg, while distilled water as a solvent was negative control. The animals were sacrificed 24 hs after second treatment, their bone marrow cells isolated from femur, and effects evaluated. The data acquired showed that repeated treatment of mice with GAL-57 caused neither biological nor significant statistical increase in the number of micronuclei in treated animals. At the same time, the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of animals treated with cyclophosphamide (positive control) showed a significant statistical increase. The results suggest that the herbicide product tested did not show any mutagenic activity under the conditions of mouse micronucleus test.Mutageni potencijal herbicida GAL-57, koji je formulisan kao mešavina bentazona i dikambe, ispitivan je primenom mikronukleus testa. Ispitivanja su rađena na miševima oba pola (soj: CRL: NMRI BR), a ispitivani herbicid (preparat) je doziran oralno (sondom u želudac) u dozi od 2000 mg/kg, dva puta u razmaku od 24 sata. Kao pozitivna kontrola korišćen je ciklofosfamid (60 mg/kg), a kao negativna rastvarač (destilovana voda). Životinje su žrtvovane 24 sata nakon drugog tretiranja, izolovane su ćelije koštane srži (iz femura) i ocenjivan je efekat supstancije. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da ponovljen tretman miševa herbicidom GAL-57 ne izaziva ni biološki ni statistički značajno povećanje broja mikronukleusa kod tretiranih životinja. Istovremeno, kod životinja tretiranih ciklofosfamidom (pozitivna kontrola) broj mikronukleusa u polihromatskim eritrocitima koštane srži miševa bio je statistički značajno povećan. Na osnovu ovih rezultata može se zaključiti da ispitivani herbicid (preparat), u uslovima mikronukleus testa, ne ispoljava mutagena svojstva

Hematološki efekti herbicida Avalon® (bentazon + dikamba) za pacova

Hematological effects of the herbicide Avalon (GAL-57), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba, were tested on rats. Avalon was administered by gavage at three and four dose levels (250, 500, 1000 and 1250 mg/kg weight/day) for 28 and 90 days. Hematological parameters, number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and erythrocyte indexes (MCV, MCH and MCHC) were monitored. The results showed that the herbicide Avalon caused decrease in the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte indexes (both males and females). The changes (mostly) correlated with the doses administered and, in most cases, a lower susceptibility of females than males was observed. The herbicide GAL-57 had no adverse effect on the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes (both sexes, all doses tested). The results showed that the herbicide Avalon causes weak anemia to the animals tested. Reversibility was apparent during the recovery period of 28 days.U radu su ispitivani hematološki efekti herbicida Avalon (GAL-57), koji je mešavina bentazona i dikambe kao aktivnih materija, na pacovima. Preparat je doziran oralnim putem (sondom u želudac) u više nivoa doza (250, 500, 1000 i 1250 mg/kg/telesne mase/dan) tokom 28 i 90 dana. Praćeni su sledeći pokazatelji: broj eritrocita, leukocita i trombocita, koncentracija hemoglobina, hematokrit i eritrocitni indeksi (prosečna zapremina eritrocita, srednja vrednost hemoglobina po eritrocitu i prosečna koncentracija hemoglobina u eritrocitima). Rezultati ovih ispitivanja su pokazali da herbicid Avalon kod oba pola izaziva smanjenje vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i eritrocitnih indeksa, dok kod drugih ispitivanih pokazatelja (broj leukocita, eritrocita i trombocita) nisu registrovane promene u odnosu na kontrolu. Sve promene su, najčešće, u korelaciji sa primenjenim dozama a uočena je, u najvećem broju slučajeva, i nešto manja osetljivost ženki u odnosu na mužjake. Rezultati ispitivanja su, takođe, pokazali da Avalon izaziva blagu anemiju kod ispitivanih životinja s tim da je efekat reverzibilnog karaktera; nakon isteka perioda oporavka od 28 dana vrednosti za sve ispitivane parametre se vraćaju na normalu i ne razlikuju se značajnije u odnosu na kontrolu

Biopesticide formulations, possibility of application and future trends

Biopesticides are the formulated form of active ingredients based on microorganismssuch as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes or naturally-occurring substances, includingplant extracts and semiochemicals (e.g. insect pheromones). Application of biopesticides isstill limited to only a few percent of all pesticides used for crop protection. There are manyfactors contributing to that situation, such as expensive production methods, poor storagestability, susceptibility to environmental conditions, efficacy problems, etc. Some ofthese problems can be overcome by formulation improvements. With many pressures onproduct performance formulation is becoming the most important area to enhance andextend the activity of biopesticides. In this paper we reviewed different types of biopesticidesexisting on the market and discussed possibilities for their application and current status.The expected future trends in formulation development of biopesticides are explaine

Formulacije biopesticida, mogućnosti primene i perspektive daljeg razvoja

Biopesticides are the formulated form of active ingredients based on microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes or naturally-occurring substances, including plant extracts and semiochemicals (e.g. insect pheromones). Application of biopesticides is still limited to only a few percent of all pesticides used for crop protection. There are many factors contributing to that situation, such as expensive production methods, poor storage stability, susceptibility to environmental conditions, efficacy problems, etc. Some of these problems can be overcome by formulation improvements. With many pressures on product performance formulation is becoming the most important area to enhance and extend the activity of biopesticides. In this paper we reviewed different types of biopesticides existing on the market and discussed possibilities for their application and current status. The expected future trends in formulation development of biopesticides are explained.Biopesticidi predstavljaju formulisane proizvode na bazi mikroorganizama kao što su bakterije, virusi, gljive, nematode ili prirodnih proizvoda kao što su biljni ekstrakti i semiohemikalije (npr. feromoni insekata). Udeo biopesticida koji se primenjuju u zaštiti bilja iznosi svega nekoliko procenata od ukupne količine pesticide koja se upotrebljava u te svrhe. Postoji više razloga za ovakvu situaciju kao što su, na primer, skup proizvodni proces, niska stabilnost biopesticida pri skladištenju, osetljivost na klimatske uslove pri kojima se primenjuju, zatim problemi vezani za efikasnost i dr. Neki od navedenih problema mogu da budu prevaziđeni odgovarajućim procesom formulisanja biopesticida. Zahtevi za što kvalitetnijim i efikasnijim proizvodima su sve veći tako da proces formulisanja otvara važan prostor za povećanje i proširenje aktivnosti biopesticida. U ovom radu razmatrane su različite formulacije biopesticida koje se nalaze na tržištu, mogućnosti njihove primene, prikazano je trenutno stanje u ovoj oblasti i date su perspektive daljeg razvoja