Purification strategy development for the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) based HIV vaccine

Malgré le nombre croissant d'individus infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) chaque année, il n'existe toujours pas de vaccin efficace qui prévienne son infection chez l'homme. Seulement en 2020, on peut encore compter 37,6 millions d'infection et 690 000 décès liés au SIDA. Le développement d'un vaccin contre le SIDA, sûr et efficace, serait donc un moyen très pertinent pour combattre les ravages de cette maladie. Le virus de la stomatite vésiculeuse (VSV), membre de la famille des Rhabdoviridae, infecte principalement les bovins, mais est relativement bénin pour l'humain, n'étant associé qu'à de légers symptômes pseudo-grippaux. Par ailleurs, le VSV recombinant a déjà été utilisé pour le développement de vaccins humains contre divers virus, notamment Ebola, Marbourg, Lassa, la fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo (CCHFV), Nipah, les coronavirus MERS et SRAS, Zika, Influenza et VIH. Dans ce travail, effectué dans le cadre plus large du développement de nouveaux candidats vaccins contre le VIH, basé sur les VSV recombinants (rVSV), nous proposons différents schémas de purification pour le traitement de ces candidats. Une série de filtres avec des tailles de pores et des supports de filtration différents ont été testés pour leur efficacité à éliminer les débris cellulaires du surnageant de culture cellulaire tout en permettant aux particules infectieuses de traverser le filtre. Cette microfiltration en série a également été appliquée pour éliminer le besoin de centrifugation à basse vitesse à l'étape de la clarification et améliorer les rendements, la simplicité et l'extrapolabilité des schémas proposés. Afin de réduire le volume de l'échantillon à traiter, l'application de différentes unités d'ultrafiltration (UF), soit des unités d'UF centrifuge ou à flux tangentiel (TFUF), ont été testées. Pour ce faire, les paramètres de fonctionnement de la TFUF ont été maintenus à des valeurs ne générant que de faible taux de cisaillement (≤ 2000 s⁻¹) pour préserver l'intégrité du rVSV. Pour l'étape de la purification chromatographique proprement dite, plusieurs technologies candidates ont été testées pour leur capacité à séparer les particules infectieuses de l'ADN et des protéines contaminants. Des résines échangeuses d'anions fortes et faibles, à savoir HiTrap™ DEAE FF, HiTrap™ ANX FF, HiTrap™ Q FF et HiTrap™ XL (Cytiva), ont été testées en colonne. Dans les meilleures conditions, ces colonnes ont permis de récupérer 77 % des particules infectieuses tout en éliminant respectivement 93 % et 92,7 % des protéines totales et de l'ADN. Par la suite, un schéma de purification chromatographique en deux étapes utilisant initialement un adsorbeur échangeur d'ion membranaire (Sartobind® Q, Sartorius), suivi d'une résine multimodale (Captocore™ 700, Cytiva) a également été testé car les adsorbeurs membranaires sont plus pratiques pour les procédés à grande échelle. La purification des rVSV à l'aide de ce protocole a permis de récupérer 51 % de particules infectieuses et a éliminé 95 % et 85 % de l'ADN et des protéines contaminants, respectivement. Cependant, étant donné que les micrographies électroniques de ces préparations virales purifiées présentaient encore une quantité notable de vésicules extracellulaires ou d'exosomes, deux résines à base de céramique d'hydroxyapatite (CHT) ont aussi été testées pour leur capacité à séparer les rVSV de ces contaminants. La colonne CHT II (BioRad) a montré des résultats prometteurs en terme d'élimination des vésicules extracellulaires, comme vérifié par microscopie électronique à transmission (TEM). De plus, une récupération de 78 % de rVSV infectieux ainsi que l'élimination de 98 % de l'ADN résiduel et de 99 % des protéines ont été mesurées dans les éluats de cette colonne.Despite the growing number of Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals every year, there is still no effective vaccine that prevents new HIV infection in humans. As of 2020, a total of 37.6 million individuals were found globally to be infected with HIV. With 690,000 AIDS-related death reports in 2020, developing a safe and effective HIV vaccine is of utmost importance. Vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV), a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, mainly infects cattle, but its infection in human is mainly benign and can only be associated with mild flu-like symptoms. In addition, the VSV platform has already been used to develop vaccines against a variety of virus infections, including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV), Nipah, MERS- and SARS- coronaviruses, Zika, Influenza, and HIV. In the current work, carried out within the broader framework of developing new vaccine candidates against HIV based on recombinant VSVs (rVSVs), we propose different purification schemes for the DSP of the candidate vaccine. A series of filters with different pore sizes and filtration media were tested for their effectiveness in removing cellular debris from the cell culture supernatant while allowing the infectious particles to pass through the filter. Serial microfiltration was also applied to eliminate the need for low-speed centrifugation at the clarification step and improve the proposed schemes' yield, simplicity, and scalability. In order to reduce the volume of the sample to be processed, the application of different ultrafiltration (UF) units, either centrifugal based UF units or tangential flow UF (TFUF) systems, were tested. The TFF operation parameters were maintained at values generating low shear (≤2000 s⁻¹ shear rate) for preserving the integrity of the rVSV as an enveloped virus. For the actual chromatographic purification step, multiple candidate technologies were tested for their ability to separate infectious particles and to remove the contaminant DNA and proteins. Strong and weak anion exchanger resins, namely, HiTrap™ DEAE FF, HiTrap™ ANX FF, HiTrap™ Q FF, and HiTrap™ XL (Cytiva), were put into test in the column mode. In best condition, these columns resulted in the recovery of 77 % infectious particles while eliminating 86.6 % and 92.7 % of the total proteins and DNA, respectively. Subsequently, a two-step chromatographic purification scheme initially used a membrane adsorber (Sartobind® Q, Sartorius), followed by a multimodal resin (Captocore™ 700, Cytiva) was tested since membrane adsorbers are more applicable for large-scale processes. Purification of rVSVs using this protocol resulted in the recovery of 51 % infectious particles but removed 95 % of the contaminant DNA contents and 85 % of total proteins. However, since the electron micrographs of these purified virus preparations still showed a noticeable amount of extracellular vesicles or exosomes (visually through TEM), two resins based on ceramic hydroxyapatite (CHT) were screened for their ability in separating the rVSVs from these contaminants. The CHT II (BioRad) column showed promising results in removing extracellular vesicles from the virus preparations as verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, a recovery of 69.2 % infective rVSVs alongside the removal of 88 % residual DNA and 87 % of protein contents was measured in this column's eluates

CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITIES OF INDIAN SALMON (ELEUTHERONEMA TETRADACTYLUM) PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES

Objective: The main aim of the present research was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Indian salmon (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) protein hydrolysates by pepsin and trypsin enzyme using In vitro gastrointestinal digestion procedure.Methods: Indian salmon protein hydrolysates (ISPH) were fractionated to obtain fraction I (FI), fraction II (FII) and fraction III (FIII) of peptides with different molecular weights (MW). Further, the antioxidant activity of ISPHs was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays. Moreover, In vitro antiproliferative activity of ISPHs was assessed against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. The amino acid contents of the bioactive peptides were also determined to find the correlation between the activity of peptides and their amino acid contents.Results: All bioactive peptides showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. The highest antioxidant activity was measured in FII which was able to quench higher levels of free radicals. In the measurement of the antiproliferative capacity of peptides, they revealed nearly similar activities at low concentration. However, the cytotoxicity of peptides was significantly increased at the high dose in which only 43.9±1.8% to 65.7±1.6% cell proliferation occurred. The results showed an absence of correlation between MW and activity of peptides since the most potent bioactive peptides in our study had MWs of 1 to 3 kDa. However, hydrophobicity and presence of special amino acids like arginine and histidine is affected the activity of peptides.Conclusion: Consequently, Indian salmon protein hydrolysates were identified as good sources of antioxidant and antiproliferative peptides which could confer both nutritional and functional properties in the food industry.Keywords: Indian salmon, Protein hydrolysates, Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, Amino aci

Miniaturized wireless cell spectrophotometer platform in visible and near-IR range

In this paper, a new miniaturized wireless cell spectrophotometer is presented. This system can scan a sample, detect incoming light power and transmit corresponding data to a base station for further analysis in the range of 340 nm to 850 nm. In vitro measurement results with VERO E6 cells tagged with DAPI and Alexa Fluor488 are presented to demonstrate its performance. The proposed system uses two small Lithium-ion batteries that provide a 7.4 V supply voltage. The system's low power consumption (88 mW), its minimal use of hardware resources, and its total weight of 17 g incorporated into a small wireless platform make the proposed device suitable for real-time implementation in most common low-power cell spectrophotometer applications

Evaluation of novel HIV vaccine candidates using recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector produced in serum-free Vero cell cultures.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in humans is a result of the destruction of the immune system caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. This serious epidemic is still progressing world-wide. Despite advances in treatment, a safe and effective preventive HIV vaccine is desired to combat this disease, and to save millions of lives. However, such a vaccine is not available yet although extensive amounts of resources in research and development have been invested over three decades. In light of the recently approved Ebola virus disease vaccine based on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-ZEBOV), we present the results of our work on three novel VSV-vectored HIV vaccine candidates. We describe the design, rescue, production and purification method and evaluate their immunogenicity in mice prior to preclinical studies that will be performed in non-human primates. The production of each of the three candidate vaccines (rVSV-B6-NL4.3Env/SIVtm, rVSV-B6-NL4.3Env/Ebtm and rVSV-B6-A74Env(PN6)/SIVtm) was evaluated in small scale in Vero cells and it was found that production kinetics on Vero cells vary depending on the HIV gp surface protein used. Purified virus preparations complied with the WHO restrictions for the residual DNA and host cell protein contents. Finally, when administered to mice, all three rVSV-HIV vaccine candidates induced an HIV gp140-specific antibody response