Considerations When Sampling Spruce Budworm Egg Masses on Balsam Fir in the Lake States: Low to Extreme Population Levels

Nineteen balsam fir trees, Abies balsamea, from five spruce-fir stands in Michigan\u27s Upper Peninsula, were used to study egg mass densities and distributions. Ten were used to study the effects of branch size on mass density estimates. The foliage surface area and the number of new egg masses spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were determined for each branch, and the top of each tree and (or) the branch segment of interest. We determined the effects of the bias and the variance of the estimator, of sampling different parts of the tree, and of sampling different size branches. Points that should be considered when estimating spruce budworm egg mass densities on balsam fir were identified. Generally, sampling whole branches from the mid-crown gave the most precise and accurate estimates of tree egg mass density

Regression Equations and Table for Estimating Numbers of Eggs in Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Masses in Michigan

Three simple linear regression equations were developed to estimate the numbers of eggs in jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus, egg masses in Michigan. One equation was developed for each of 2-row, 2-row +, and 3-row egg masses. A table of estimated numbers of eggs per egg mass is given for each of the three row types for egg mass lengths from 1 to 25 nun

Considerations When Sampling Spruce Budworm Egg Masses on Balsam Fir and White Spruce in the Lake States: Low Population Levels

One cluster each of balsam fir, Abies balsamea, and white spruce, Picea glauca, trees was chosen from each of five stands of spruce-fir in Michigan\u27s Upper Peninsula. The foliage surface area and the number of new egg masses of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were determined for each branch and the top of each tree. The effects, in terms of the bias and the variance of the estimator, of sampling in different parts of the tree and with various size branches were determined. Factors that the sampler should consider in developing sampling plans to estimate spruce bud worm egg mass densities in mixed spruce-fir stands were identified. Egg mass density and its per branch variance may be considerably higher in white spruce than in balsam fir. Sampling whole feasible branches at mid-crown yielded, in general, the most precise and accurate estimates of tree egg mass density

Spruce Budworm Egg Mass Density on Balsam Fir: Low to Extreme Population Levels (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

A study was initiated in Michigan\u27s Upper Peninsula to develop improved foliage sampling methods for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), egg masses. Four balsam fir, Abies balsamea, trees were chosen from each of four stands in 1979, and four balsam fir trees were chosen from one stand in 1980. The number of new egg masses, foliage surface area, and crown and quadrant classes of each branch were determined for all trees. Egg mass density for each part of the tree was determined by dividing total number of egg masses by total surfaee area. The 20 trees were divided into five groups with forecasted budworm damage varying from low to extreme. On the average the egg mass density (egg mass/lOOO cm2) of the lower-crown was 58% lower than the egg mass density of the entire tree; the mid-crown had 18% higher cgg mass density than the entire tree, the upper-crown had 63% higher density than the entire tree, and the tree top had 69% higher density than the entire tree. There was no strong trend to the small absolute differences in density among the four quadrants. Sampling at mid-crown may lead to over- or underestimation of tree egg mass density. The seriousness of such errors would depend on the bias and where the sample is taken vertically in the mid-crown

Spruce Budworm Egg Mass Density on Balsam Fir and White Spruce: Low Population Levels (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

As part of a study to develop improved foliage sampling methods for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), egg masses, two balsam fir (four in one stand), Abies balsamea, and two white spruce, Picea glauca, trees were chosen from each of five spruce- fir stands in Michigan\u27s Upper Peninsula in 1980. All stands had very low to low population densities. Each tree was completely enumerated so that the number of new egg masses, foliage surface area, and egg mass density could be determined for the entire tree, three crown classes, four quadrants, and the tree top. Results indicated (1) considerable tree-to- tree and stand-to-stand variation; (2) no meaningful or consistent differences among quad- rants within or between species; (3) the average density in white spruce trees was 3.2 times larger than that in balsam fir trees; (4) the tree-la-tree variation of density in white spruce trees was 8.4 times larger than that in balsam fir trees; (5) densities in the mid-crown, upper-crown, and tree top are considerably higher than that in the lower-crown for both species; the relative differences for balsam fir are about twice that of white spruce; and (6) on the average, density at mid-crown was close to that of the entire tree for balsam fir, but density at mid-crown was 17.9% lower than that of the entire tree for white spruce. These results have important implications to the development of sampling plans for estimating egg mass density in spruce-fir stands

Regression Equations and Table for Estimating Numbers of Eggs in Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Masses in Michigan

Three simple linear regression equations were developed to estimate the numbers of eggs in spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, egg masses in Michigan. One equation was developed for each of 2-row, 2- row + , and 3-row egg masses. A table of estimated numbers of eggs per egg mass is given for each of the three row types for egg mass lengths from 1 to 13 mm

Regression Equations and Table for Estimating Numbers of Eggs in Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Masses in Michigan

Three simple linear regression equations were developed to estimate the numbers of eggs in spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, egg masses in Michigan. One equation was developed for each of 2-row, 2- row + , and 3-row egg masses. A table of estimated numbers of eggs per egg mass is given for each of the three row types for egg mass lengths from 1 to 13 mm

Effective Conformal Theory and the Flat-Space Limit of AdS

We develop the idea of an effective conformal theory describing the low-lying spectrum of the dilatation operator in a CFT. Such an effective theory is useful when the spectrum contains a hierarchy in the dimension of operators, and a small parameter whose role is similar to that of 1/N in a large N gauge theory. These criteria insure that there is a regime where the dilatation operator is modified perturbatively. Global AdS is the natural framework for perturbations of the dilatation operator respecting conformal invariance, much as Minkowski space naturally describes Lorentz invariant perturbations of the Hamiltonian. Assuming that the lowest-dimension single-trace operator is a scalar, O, we consider the anomalous dimensions, gamma(n,l), of the double-trace operators of the form O (del^2)^n (del)^l O. Purely from the CFT we find that perturbative unitarity places a bound on these dimensions of |gamma(n,l)|<4. Non-renormalizable AdS interactions lead to violations of the bound at large values of n. We also consider the case that these interactions are generated by integrating out a heavy scalar field in AdS. We show that the presence of the heavy field "unitarizes" the growth in the anomalous dimensions, and leads to a resonance-like behavior in gamma(n,l) when n is close to the dimension of the CFT operator dual to the heavy field. Finally, we demonstrate that bulk flat-space S-matrix elements can be extracted from the large n behavior of the anomalous dimensions. This leads to a direct connection between the spectrum of anomalous dimensions in d-dimensional CFTs and flat-space S-matrix elements in d+1 dimensions. We comment on the emergence of flat-space locality from the CFT perspective.Comment: 46 pages, 2 figures. v2: JHEP published versio

Mechanisms and controlling characteristics of the catalytic oxidation of methane

Methane dissociation and oxygen activation have been found to be structure sensitive on different single crystal palladium surfaces. Geometrically restricted surfaces on Pd single crystal and polycrystalline surfaces using tetrachloroethylene and pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane have been formed and compared with surface structures formed using dichloromethane and chlorine. The adsorption and activation of O{sub 2}, CO, and H{sub 2}O on clean Pd surfaces and those containing the surface ensembles have also been investigated. To interpret high-resolution angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectra (HR AR-XPS), a new self-modeling method of resolving HR-XPS spectra was developed and applied to the experimental spectra. The effects of electron-accepting Cl, O{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}O adsobated on Cs/MoS{sub 2} were determined