Projected impact of climate change on the effectiveness of the existing protected area network for biodiversity conservation within Yunnan Province, China

Climate change is projected to impact on biodiversity conservation and the effectiveness of the existing protected area network in biologically rich Yunnan Province of southwestern China. A statistically derived bioclimatic stratification is used to analyze projected bioclimatic conditions across Yunnan by the year 2050. The multi-model approach is based on an ensemble of CIMP5 Earth System Models, downscaled to a set of 1 km2 resolution climate projections (n = 63), covering four representative concentration pathways (RCP). Nine bioclimatic zones, composed of 33 strata, are currently found within Yunnan. By 2050, the mean elevation of these zones is projected to shift upwards by an average of 269 m, with large increases in area of the warmer zones, and decreases in the colder, higher elevation zones. Temperate and alpine areas of high biodiversity value are at risk. Displacement in the geographic distribution of bioclimatic conditions is likely to have substantial impact across all bioclimatic zones, vegetation types, and habitats currently found in Yunnan. On average, across all RCPs, 45% of the total combined area of the protected area network will shift to a completely different zone, with 83% shifting to a different strata. The great majority of protected area will experience substantially changed, spatially shifted, and novel bioclimatic conditions by 2050. The spatial displacement and upwards shifting of bioclimatic conditions indicates a prolonged period of significant ecological perturbation, which will have a major impact upon the conservation effectiveness of the established protected area network, and other conservation efforts across Yunnan

Effect of silicone rinses on barnacle glue transglutaminase activity.

<p>30 second, 60 µl methanol rinses were conducted, 10 rinses were pooled, dried completely, and residual was resuspended in 10 µl 100% methanol before adding assay buffer. Each individual barnacle was tested with all four silicones. Individual data, expressed as percent change in OD₄₅₀ from control, and group mean (± SEM) are shown. The control is barnacle glue incubated with 10 µl 100% methanol and assay buffer only, without silicone residual. * Indicates a significant difference from control (paired t-test: p<0.05).</p

Effect of silicone rinses on barnacle glue trypsin activity.

<p>30 second, 60 µl methanol rinses were conducted, 10 rinses were pooled, dried completely, and residual was resuspended in 10 µl 100% methanol before adding assay buffer. Each individual barnacle was tested with all four silicones. Individual data, expressed as percent change in OD₄₀₅ from control, and group mean (± SEM) are shown. The control is barnacle glue incubated with 10 µl 100% methanol and assay buffer only, without silicone residual.</p

Effect of silicone oil and PDMS oligomers on purified trypsin and transglutaminase activity from porcine and guinea pig, respectively.

<p>Silicone oil (viscosity 40–50 cSt) and low, medium and high molecular weight PDMS oligomers (viscosity 700–800, 1000, and 5000 cSt respectively) were tested alone and in combination. Components were dissolved in methanol, the methanol was then dried completely, and residual was resuspended directly in assay buffer. Data are expressed as percent change in OD₄₀₅ (trypsin) or OD₄₅₀ (transglutaminase) from control. Means and SEM are shown. The control is purified enzyme incubated with assay buffer only, without silicone components. * Indicates a significant difference from control (Dunn's method post-hoc analysis: p<0.05). n = 10 replicates for individual components, 5 replicates for combinations.</p

Gas chromatogram and tentative peak assignment (NIST database) for compounds present on Dow Corning Silastic T2^® silicone.

<p>Samples were obtained by 30 second, 30 µl methanol rinses. Panels had been conditioned in flowing seawater and then used as barnacle growth substrates, immersed in seawater, for an approximate total of 1½ years before use in this analysis.</p

Gas-chromatographic retention times of peaks with characteristic mass fragments belonging to poly(oligomethylsiloxanes) and amino-substituted polysilaxanes in dry and wet surface swabs obtained from model polysiloxane coatings.

<p>The samples under investigation were characterized by high (H) and low (L) molecular weight (MW), polymerized with the addition of low (L) and high (H) amounts of cross linker (CL), and with (+) or without (−) the addition of silicone oil (Oil). Different organosiloxanes with similar mass-to-charge fragments (73, 147, 221, 281, 355, 429) are denoted by (▪)†. Characteristic mass fragments in different polysilaxanes were □ (351, 379); ○ (87, 115, 351, 379, 437); • (87, 115, 277, 421); ▴ (87, 115, 337, 481); ◊ (87, 115, 439, 583). † As polydimethylsiloxanes of different ring size show almost identical mass fragmentation patterns the exact elucidation of repeat units (<i>n</i>) was not possible.</p

Gas chromatogram and tentative peak assignment (NIST database) for compounds present on International Paints Veridian^® silicone.

<p>Samples were obtained by 30 second, 30 µl methanol rinses. Panels had been conditioned in flowing seawater and then used as barnacle growth substrate, immersed in seawater for an approximate total of 1½ years before use in this analysis.</p

Comparison of laboratory and field testing performance evaluations of siloxane-polyurethane fouling-release marine coatings

<p>A series of eight novel siloxane-polyurethane fouling-release (FR) coatings were assessed for their FR performance in both the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory analysis included adhesion assessments of bacteria, microalgae, macroalgal spores, adult barnacles and pseudobarnacles using high-throughput screening techniques, while field evaluations were conducted in accordance with standardized testing methods at three different ocean testing sites over the course of six-months exposure. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis in order to identify potential correlations. In general, there was good agreement between the laboratory screening assays and the field assessments, with both regimes clearly distinguishing the siloxane-polyurethane compositions comprising monofunctional poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) (m-PDMS) as possessing superior, broad-spectrum FR properties compared to those prepared with difunctional PDMS (d-PDMS). Of the seven laboratory screening techniques, the <i>Cellulophaga lytica</i> biofilm retraction and reattached barnacle (<i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i>) adhesion assays were shown to be the most predictive of broad-spectrum field performance.</p