Intraoperative End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Concentrations: What Is the Target?

Recent publications suggest that target end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations should be higher than values currently considered as acceptable. This paper presents evidence that end-tidal carbon dioxide values higher than concentrations that are currently targeted result in improved patient outcomes and are associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative complications

Laboratory and field investigations of potential predation on early life stages of striped bass in the Pamunkey River, Virginia /

Predation is recognized as an important factor regulating survival of larval fishes and it is likely that both fish and invertebrate species are predators of striped bass eggs and larvae, yet few studies have documented such interactions in tidal freshwater systems. As a result, this study incorporated the following objectives: (1) determine kinds and relative abundances of potential fish and invertebrate predators of striped bass larvae through field surveys: (2) document acceptability of yolksac larvae as a prey item through laboratory experimentation with fish and invertebrate species: (3) establish preliminary estimates of consumption of yolksac larvae under laboratory conditions of varying prey density, prey consumption and container size: and (4) examine stomach contents of field collected target fish predators

Optical spectroscopy of two overlapping, flux-density-limited samples of radio sources in the North Ecliptic Cap, selected at 38 MHz and 151 MHz

We present the results of optical spectroscopy of two flux-density-limited samples of radio sources selected at frequencies of 38 and 151 MHz in the same region around the North Ecliptic Cap, the 8C-NEC and 7C-III samples respectively. Both samples are selected at flux density levels ~20 times fainter than samples based on the 3C catalogue. They are amongst the first low-frequency selected samples with no spectral or angular size selection for which almost complete redshift information has been obtained and they will therefore provide a valuable resource for understanding the cosmic evolution of radio sources and their hosts and environments. The 151-MHz 7C-III sample is selected to have S_151 >=0.5 Jy and is the more spectroscopically complete; out of 54 radio sources fairly reliable redshifts have been obtained for 44 objects. The 8C sample has a flux limit of S_38 >=1.3 Jy and contains 58 sources of which 46 have fairly reliable redshifts. We discuss possible biases in the observed redshift distribution, and some interesting individual objects. Using the 8C-NEC and 7C-III samples in conjunction, we form the first sample selected on low-frequency flux in the rest-frame of the source, rather than the usual selection on flux density in the observed frame. This allows us to remove the bias associated with an increasing rest-frame selection frequency with redshift. We investigate the difference this selection makes to correlations of radio source properties with redshift and luminosity. We show in particular that flux-density-based selection leads to an overestimate of the steepness of the correlation of radio source size with redshift. (abridged)Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures, accepted by MNRA

Hypervelocity impact study: The effect of impact angle on crater morphology

The Space Power Institute (SPI) of Auburn University has conducted preliminary tests on the effects of impact angle on crater morphology for hypervelocity impacts. Copper target plates were set at angles of 30 deg and 60 deg from the particle flight path. For the 30 deg impact, the craters looked almost identical to earlier normal incidence impacts. The only difference found was in the apparent distribution of particle residue within the crater, and further research is needed to verify this. The 60 deg impacts showed marked differences in crater symmetry, crater lip shape, and particle residue distribution. Further research on angle effects is planned, because the particle velocities for these shots were relatively slow (7 km/s or less)

Optical spectroscopy of radio galaxies in the 7C Redshift Survey

We present optical spectroscopy of all 49 radio galaxies in the 7C-I and 7C-II regions of the 7C Redshift Survey (7CRS). The low-frequency (151 MHz) selected 7CRS sample contains all sources with flux-densities S_151 > 0.5 Jy in three regions of the sky; 7C-I and 7C-II were chosen to overlap with the 5C6 and 5C7 surveys respectively, and cover a total sky area of 0.013 sr. The sample has been completely identified and spectroscopy of the quasars and broad-lined radio galaxies has been presented in Willott et al. (1998). Only seven of the radio galaxies do not have redshift determinations from the spectroscopy, giving a redshift completeness for the sample of >90%. The median redshift of the 7CRS is 1.1. We present a composite 0.2<z<0.8 7CRS radio galaxy spectrum and investigate the strengths of the 4000 Angstrom breaks in these radio galaxies. We find an anti-correlation between the 4000 Angstrom break strength and emission line luminosity, indicating that departures from old elliptical galaxy continuum shapes are most likely due to non-stellar emission associated with the active nucleus.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, MNRAS in pres

Relative contribution of three Virginia rivers to spawning activity of striped bass, Morone saxatilis

Initial documentation of spawning activity of striped bass in the tidal freshwater portions of Virginia rivers was provided by Tresselt (1952), Massman et al. (1952, 1962), Rinaldo (1971) and Merriner et al. (1980). Recently, a series of pilot ichthyoplankton surveys of these habitats has resulted in data describing patterns of abundance of eggs and larvae in three separate rivers during three separate years: the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers in spring 1980 (Grant and Olney 1981); the James River in 1981 (Grant and Olney 1982); and the Rappahannock in 1982 (Olney et al. 1983). These surveys were conducted in response to the objectives of the Emergency Striped Bass Study (Chafee Amendment to the Anadromous Fish Act) and have provided spatial and temporal details of spawning activity (Figures 1-4) used in the preparation of management regulations promulgated by the Virginia Marine Resources Commission. more ...

Perceptions of Grief Education in Accredited Counseling Programs: Recommendations for Counselor Education

As grief can be considered a critical life event, unresolved grief can interfere with quality of life, affecting lifestyle, behavior, emotional strength, and cognitive function. Unresolved grief can even result in suicidal ideation. Counselors can and often do work with grief issues in clients and can promote positive outcomes for grieving clients by addressing personal loss and helping clients process grief related issues. This study was based on an analysis of students within counseling programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs based on earlier research conducted by one of the authors. Self-perception of competency in counseling clients who are having grief-related issues from loss was assessed using the Grief Counseling Competency Scale. By analyzing results of the Grief Counseling Competency Scale, participants showed a need for further training in grief counseling skills and theory. Results and implications of the quantitative analysis as well as suggestions for further study are discussed