Echinococcosis: Past and Present Situation in Southeast Asia

In Asia, Southeast Asia is reported as a non-endemic area of the parasite. However, several indigenous echinococcoses in human and animals were reported in several countries, such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). Most human infections are caused by Echinococcus granulosus and only two cases with E. ortleppi. There was no evidence case with E. multilocularis in Southeast Asia. Echinococcus granulosus infection is prevalent in areas that association with dogs and livestocks that close contact with dogs. The incidence is very low. A total of 49 cases of echinococcosis was identified in Southeast Asia from 1885 to 2015. Of which, at least 31 cases were indigenous, 14 cases were imported, and 4 cases were unknown. Thailand is the most prevalent country with echinococcosis in human, followed by very low incidence in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia and Lao PDR. However, it is very difficult to estimate the real number of human echinococcosis case in Southeast Asia due to the long asymptomatic period that is usually >5 years. The disease may be more prevalent in Southeast Asia; however, they were underdiagnosed and not reported

DISTRIBUSI VEKTOR DAN POTENSI PENULARAN MALARIA DI PAPUA BARAT PADA BERBAGAI EKOSISTEM

Anopheles farauti, Anopheles brancofti, Anopheles punctulatus, and Anopheles koliensis are confirmed as malaria vectors in West Papua. The distribution of vectors and their potency as malaria transmission differs in each ecosystem. The aim of this research was to investigate the distribution of vectors and their potency as malaria transmission found in various ecosystem. Mosquitoes were caught  by human landing collection method, Animal-Baited Trap, and livestock-baited trap. The larval surveillance was conducted in places that have potential as breeding place for Anopheles spp. Sampling sites were conducted in Manokwari, Fak-fak and Raja Ampat districts. Each District of mosquito and larva fishing is conducted in forest ecosystem near settlement, remote forest settlement, non forest near settlement, non forest remote settlement, beach near settlement and coastal remote settlement. The result of the study demonstrated that An. farauti, An. longirostris and An. punctulatus were positive from plasmodium caught in the beach near settlement, in the remote forest settlement and in non-forest near settlement ecosystems of Manokwari Regency, respectively. Anopheles farauti caught in non-forest near settlement ecosystem of Raja Ampat Regency was also found to be positive from plasmodium. However, none mosquitoes and larvae caught in Fak-fak Regency was positive. It is concluded that those mosquitoes caught in Manokwari and Raja Ampat Regency might act as vectors of Malaria

DAFTAR SPESIES DAN DATA DISTRIBUSI TERBARU NYAMUK AEDES DAN VERRALLINA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) DI INDONESIA

Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman spesies nyamuk yang tertinggi kedua di dunia setelah Brazil. Nyamuk Aedes merupakan genus beranggotakan vektor penting untuk demam dengue dan chikungunya di Indonesia. Namun informasi terbarukan tentang keanekaragaman, dan sebaran spesies Aedes dan Verrallina belum tersedia. Tujuan publikasi ini adalah untuk memperbaharui daftar spesies dan distribusi nyamuk Aedes dan Verrallina di Indonesia. Pembaruan informasi mengenai keanekaragaman dan sebaran spesies dilakukan dengan kajian pustaka. Spesies nyamuk dalam genus Aedes tercatat sebanyak 100 spesies yang dikelompokkan dalam 27 subgenus. Adapun nyamuk genus Verrallina yang merupakan pecahan dari genus Aedes memiliki jumlah spesies sebanyak 32 spesies yang dikelompokkan dalam tiga subgenus. Artikel ini menyampaikan informasi yang terbarukan mengenai keanekaragaman, sebaran dan kunci identifikasi nyamuk betina Aedes dan Verrallina di Indonesia

INDIKATOR ENTOMOLOGI DAN RISIKO PENULARAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DI PULAU JAWA, INDONESIA

One of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) transmission risk factors is presence of vectors, especially Aedes aegypti. Vector surveillance is carried out to determine vectors distribution, vector density and risk of transmission. The larva survey is a common and easy vector surveillance method. This study aims to describe the cases and deaths due to DHF and entomological indicators in Java. This study was further analysis of Special Research Disease of Vector and Reservoir (Rikhus Vektora). Data collection was conducted in 2016 - 2018. The study locations were five provinces on Java Island i.e. East Jawa, West Jawa, Banten, DI Yogyakarta, DKI Jakarta and three districts were each taken. The data of DHF cases and entomology were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that the last two years were 50% districts experienced an increase in DHF cases and 38.9% an increase in deaths. The highest house index was 50% and lowest was 9%, highest larval free rate was 91% and lowest was 50%. The highest container index was 26.48%, lowest was 3.68%, and the highest breteau index was 67, lowest was 11. As many as 73.3% districts have the most water containers were buckets and 26.7% most water containers were bathtubs. Java Island has a medium to high potential region toward DHF transmission occurs. Increased knowledge and skills for eradication mosquito correctly by individually and community needs to be planned and implemented sustainable, to increase community participation as well

Keberadaan Jentik Aedes sp. pada Controllable Sites dan Dispossable Sites di Indonesia (Studi Kasus di 15 Provinsi)

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama di Indonesia. Peningkatan kasus DBD di Indonesia tidak lepas dari keberadaan nyamuk Aedes sp. sebagai vektor penular. Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap angka kejadian DBD adalah jumlah populasi jentik nyamuk Aedes sp., populasi jentik sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik habitatnya. Data Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir tahun 2016 memuat tentang tingkat kepadatan jentik nyamuk Aedes sp. melalui tempat penampungan air (TPA) yang dilihat dari controllable sites dan dispossable sites. Data diambil di 15 provinsi di Indonesia, yaitu Provinsi Aceh, Provinsi Lampung, Provinsi Bangka Belitung, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Provinsi Banten, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, Provinsi Maluku, dan Provinsi Maluku Utara. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yaitu dari 11.491 TPA diperiksa, didapatkan 11.301 controllable sites dan 190 dispossable sites. Jumlah controllable sites lebih banyak didapati jentik karena digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Terdapat 18 kabupaten/kota memiliki density figure kategori sedang dan 27 kabupaten/kota dikategorikan memiliki kepadatan jentik yang tinggi. Cara yang dianggap efektif dan tepat dalam pencegahan dan pemberantasan DBD saat ini adalah dengan memberantas sarang nyamuk penularnya (PSN-DBD) melalui gerakan 3M plus yang memerlukan partisipasi seluruh lapisan masyarakat

Keanekaragaman Anopheles dalam Ekosistem Hutan dan Resiko Terjadinya Penularan Malaria di Beberapa Provinsi di Indonesia

Abstract Forests are ecosystems that can support the existence of malaria vectors. The discovery of vector species in the forest environment will increase malaria transmission in the forest and its surroundings. The provinces of South Sumatra, Central Java, Central Sulawesi, and Papua are some of the provinces in Indonesia that still have forest ecosystems. The aim of the study was to know the diversity of Anopheles species and risk of malaria transmission in forest ecosystems in the provinces of South Sumatra, Central Java, Central Sulawesi, and Papua The sampling of mosquitoes was carried out by using the method of human landing collection, animal bited trap, around cattle collection, resting morning and light trap. Larva surveys are carried out in mosquito breeding place. Detection of plasmodium was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) while blood feed analysis was carried out with a blood feed test using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Malaria vector species found in forest ecosystems in Central Java are Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles balabacensis, and Anopheles subpictus. Malaria vector species in the forest ecosystem in South Sumatra are Anopheles nigerimus and Anopheles maculatus. Anopheles malaria vectors in forest environments in Central Sulawesi are Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles ludlowae, and Anopheles vagus. Anopheles malaria vectors in forest ecosystems in Papua are Anopheles farauti, Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, and Anopheles brancofti. Forest presence is at risk of malaria transmission in the provinces of Central Java, South Sumatra, South Sulawesi and Papua Abstrak Hutan merupakan ekosistem yang dapat mendukung keberadaan vektor malaria. Ditemukannya spesies vektor di lingkungan hutan akan meningkatkan penularan malaria di hutan dan sekitarnya. Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah, dan Papua merupakan beberapa Provinsi di Indonesia yang masih memiliki ekosistem hutan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui keanekaragaman spesies Anopheles dan risiko penularan malaria pada ekosistem hutan di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah, dan Papua. Pengambilan sampel nyamuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode human landing collection, animal bited trap, around cattle collection, resting morning dan light trap. Deteksi plasmodium dilakukan dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sedangan analisa pakan darah dilakukan dengan uji pakan darah metode Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Survei jentik dilakukan di tempat-tempat perkembangbiakan nyamuk. Spesies vektor malaria yang ditemukan di ekosistem hutan di Jawa Tengah adalah Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles balabacensis, dan Anopheles subpictus. Spesies vektor malaria di ekosistem hutan di Sumatera Selatan adalah Anopheles nigerimus dan An. maculatus. Anopheles vektor malaria di lingkungan hutan di Sulawesi Tengah adalah Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles ludlowae dan An. vagus. Anopheles vektor malaria pada ekosistem hutan di Papua adalah Anopheles farauti, Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, dan Anopheles brancofti. Keberadaan hutan berisiko terjadinya penularan malaria di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Selatan, Sulawesi Selatan, dan Papua

Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors

Zoonotic Plasmodium infections in humans in many Southeast Asian countries have been increasing, including in countries approaching elimination of human-only malaria transmission. Most simian malarias in humans are caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, but recent research shows that humans are at risk of many different simian Plasmodium species. In Southeast Asia, simian Plasmodium species are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes in the Anopheles leucosphyrus and Anopheles dirus complexes. Although there is some evidence of species outside the Leucosphyrus Group transmitting simian Plasmodium species, these await confirmation of transmission to humans. The vectors of monkey malarias are mostly found in forests and forest fringes, where they readily bite long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques (the natural reservoir hosts) and humans. How changing land-uses influence zoonotic malaria vectors is still poorly understood. Fragmentation of forests from logging, agriculture and other human activities is associated with increased zoonotic Plasmodium vector exposure. This is thought to occur through altered macaque and mosquito distributions and behaviours, and importantly, increased proximity of humans, macaques, and mosquito vectors. Underlying the increase in vector densities is the issue that the land-use change and human activities create more oviposition sites and, in correlation, increases availably of human blood hosts. The current understanding of zoonotic malaria vector species is largely based on a small number of studies in geographically restricted areas. What is known about the vectors is limited: the data is strongest for distribution and density with only weak evidence for a limited number of species in the Leucosphyrus Group for resting habits, insecticide resistance, blood feeding habits and larval habitats. More data are needed on vector diversity and bionomics in additional geographic areas to understand both the impacts on transmission of anthropogenic land-use change and how this significant disease in humans might be controlled

Distribution and behavior of Anopheles maculatus and its potential as a Malaria vector in Indonesia

Background: Anopheles maculatus is one of the mosquito species that has been confirmed as a malaria vector in Indonesia. The potential of a mosquito as a vector is influenced by its behavior. Information on the distribution and behavior of An. maculatus needs to be carried out to determine the potential for malaria transmission transmitted by the species in an area. The study aimed to obtain information on the distribution, behavior, and potential of maculatus as a malaria vector in several provinces in Indonesia. Method: Mosquito collection was carried out using human-landing collection, animal-baited trap, cattle-bait, light-trap, and resting morning. A survey of mosquitoes was carried out in 29 provinces in Indonesia. Mosquitoes were identified for the species and detected the blood-sucking behavior with an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the presence of Plasmodium using a Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: The results showed that An. maculatus was found in the Riau Islands, Lampung, Bangka Belitung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Central Sulawesi. Anopheles maculatus has known to suck the blood of humans and animals with a predominance of animals. Anopheles maculatus is also known to suck blood outdoors predominantly. In general, the activity of An. maculatus sucking blood begins around 18.00 in the evening. Central Java Province was the province with the highest density of An. maculatus mosquitoes, thereby increasing the potential for transmission of malaria cases. Conclusion: Anopheles maculatus was spread in Riau Islands, Lampung, Bangka Belitung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Central Sulawesi. This species was known to suck the blood of people and humans, and its blood-sucking activity starts around 18.00 in the evening