28 research outputs found
Convection, Thermal Bifurcation, and the Colors of A stars
Broad-band ultraviolet photometry from the TD-1 satellite and low dispersion
spectra from the short wavelength camera of IUE have been used to investigate a
long-standing proposal of Bohm-Vitense that the normal main sequence A- and
early-F stars may divide into two different temperature sequences: (1) a high
temperature branch (and plateau) comprised of slowly rotating convective stars,
and (2) a low temperature branch populated by rapidly rotating radiative stars.
We find no evidence from either dataset to support such a claim, or to confirm
the existence of an "A-star gap" in the B-V color range 0.22 <= B-V <= 0.28 due
to the sudden onset of convection. We do observe, nonetheless, a large scatter
in the 1800--2000 A colors of the A-F stars, which amounts to ~0.65 mags at a
given B-V color index. The scatter is not caused by interstellar or
circumstellar reddening. A convincing case can also be made against binarity
and intrinsic variability due to pulsations of delta Sct origin. We find no
correlation with established chromospheric and coronal proxies of convection,
and thus no demonstrable link to the possible onset of convection among the A-F
stars. The scatter is not instrumental. Approximately 0.4 mags of the scatter
is shown to arise from individual differences in surface gravity as well as a
moderate spread (factor of ~3) in heavy metal abundance and UV line blanketing.
A dispersion of ~0.25 mags remains, which has no clear and obvious explanation.
The most likely cause, we believe, is a residual imprecision in our correction
for the spread in metal abundances. However, the existing data do not rule out
possible contributions from intrinsic stellar variability or from differential
UV line blanketing effects owing to a dispersion in microturbulent velocity.Comment: 40 pages, 14 figures, 1 table, AAS LaTex, to appear in The
Astrophysical Journa
The evolution of ultraviolet emission lines from the circumstellar material surrounding SN 1987A
The presence of narrow high-temperature emission lines from nitrogen-rich gas
close to SN 1987A has been the principal observational constraint on the evolu-
tionary status of the supernova's progenitor. A new analysis of the complete
five-year set of low and high resolution IUE ultraviolet spectra of SN 1987A
(1987.2--1992.3) provide fluxes for the N V 1240, N IV] 1486, He II 1640, OIII]
1665, NIII] 1751, and CIII] 1908 lines with significantly reduced random and
systematic errors and reveals significant short-term fluctuations in the light
curves. The N V, N IV] and N III] lines turn on sequentially over 15 to 20 days
and show a progression from high to low ionization potential, implying an ioni-
zation gradient in the emitting region. The line emission turns on suddenly at
83+/-4 days after the explosion, as defined by N IV]. The N III] line reaches
peak luminosity at 399+/-15 days. A ring radius of (6.24+/-0.20)E{17} cm and
inclination of 41.0+/-3.9 is derived from these times, assuming a circular
ring. The probable role of resonant scattering in the N V light curve
introduces systematic errors that leads us to exclude this line from the timing
analysis. A new nebular analysis yields improved CNO abundance ratios
N/C=6.1+/-1.1 and N/O=1.7+/-0.5, confirming the nitrogen enrichment found in
our previous paper. From the late-time behavior of the light curves we find
that the emission origi- nates from progressively lower density gas. We
estimate the emitting mass near maximum (roughly 400 days) to be roughly
4.7E{-2} solar masses, assuming a filling factor of unity and an electron
density of 2.6E4 cm^{-3}. These results are discussed in the context of current
models for the emission and hydrodynamics of the ring.Comment: 38 pages, AASTeX v.4.0, 13 Postscript figures; ApJ, in pres
A Study of Wavelength Calibration of NEWSIPS High-Dispersion Spectra
In this study we cross-correlate many IUE echellograms of a variety of stars
to evaluate systematic error sources in the wavelength zeropoint of all three
cameras. We first evaluated differences between the final archived ("NEWSIPS")
and the originally processed ("IUESIPS") spectra. These show a clear time
dependence in zeropoint for the SWP camera due to revisions in the IUESIPS
wavelength scale. Small IUESIPS - NEWSIPS differences are also found for the
LWR camera. We also examined wavelength zeropoint disparities between data
obtained both through the small and large entrance apertures and for
observations made by different target acquisition modes for faint and bright
stars. We found that velocities resulting from these alternative observing
modes are nil. For large-aperture observations the dominant error source is the
target position placement in the aperture. We searched for spurious trends with
time, and found only a suggestion of time trends for faint stars observed with
the SWP camera. We also discovered 1-day, +/-3 km/s sinusoidsal patterns in
intensive monitoring data which are ascribable to changes in telescope focus
resulting from thermal drifts. In the second part of the paper, we measured
mean zeropoint errors of NEWSIPS echellogram data against laboratory results by
using the GHRS spectral atlas of the 10 Lac. We find that the derived apparent
velocity difference for this star is -1 +/-3.5 km/s. Several less precise
comparisons lead to similar results. The zeropoints of the NEWSIPS-processed
LWP/LWR cameras are evaluated and are also found to be nearly zero (+/-5 km/s)
relative to HST atlases of Arcturus and Procyon atlas. These results do not
support result by Gonzalez-Riestra et al. that corrections should be introduced
to the wavelength scales of various NEWSIPS high-dispersion data products.Comment: 16 pages, Latex with 12 figures, Accepted by Pub. Astron. Soc.
Pacific for July 1, 2001. Files available from
ftp://nobel.stsci.edu/pub/iuerv
Ultraviolet and Multiwavelength Variability of the Blazar 3C 279: Evidence for Thermal Emission
The gamma-ray blazar 3C 279 was monitored on a nearly daily basis with IUE,
ROSAT and EGRET for three weeks between December 1992 and January 1993. During
this period, the blazar was at a historical minimum at all wavelengths. Here we
present the UV data obtained during the above multiwavelength campaign. A
maximum UV variation of ~50% is detected, while during the same period the
X-ray flux varied by no more than 13%. At the lowest UV flux level the average
spectrum in the 1230-2700 A interval is unusually flat for this object
(~1). The flattening could represent the lowest energy tail of the
inverse Compton component responsible for the X-ray emission, or could be due
to the presence of a thermal component at ~20000 K possibly associated with an
accretion disk. The presence of an accretion disk in this blazar object, likely
observable only in very low states and otherwise hidden by the beamed, variable
synchrotron component, would be consistent with the scenario in which the seed
photons for the inverse Compton mechanism producing the gamma-rays are external
to the relativistic jet. We further discuss the long term correlation of the UV
flux with the X-ray and gamma-ray fluxes obtained at various epochs. All UV
archival data are included in the analysis. Both the X- and gamma-ray fluxes
are generally well correlated with the UV flux, approximately with square root
and quadratic dependences, respectively.Comment: 22 pages, Latex, 7 PostScript figures, to appear in The Astrophysical
Journa
Enhanced M1 Macrophage Polarization in Human Helicobacter pylori-Associated Atrophic Gastritis and in Vaccinated Mice
Background: Infection with Helicobacter pylori triggers a chronic gastric inflammation that can progress to atrophy and gastric adenocarcinoma. Polarization of macrophages is a characteristic of both cancer and infection, and may promote progression or resolution of disease. However, the role of macrophages and their polarization during H. pylori infection has not been well defined. Methodology/Principal Findings: By using a mouse model of infection and gastric biopsies from 29 individuals, we have analyzed macrophage recruitment and polarization during H. pylori infection by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. We found a sequential recruitment of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages to the gastric mucosa of infected mice. Gene expression analysis of stomach tissue and sorted macrophages revealed that gastric macrophages were polarized to M1 after H. pylori infection, and this process was substantially accelerated by prior vaccination. Human H. pylori infection was characterized by a mixed M1/M2 polarization of macrophages. However, in H. pylori-associated atrophic gastritis, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was markedly increased compared to uncomplicated gastritis, indicative of an enhanced M1 macrophage polarization in this pre-malignant lesion. Conclusions/Significance: These results show that vaccination of mice against H. pylori amplifies M1 polarization of gastric macrophages, and that a similar enhanced M1 polarization is present in human H. pylori-induced atrophic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori cag-Pathogenicity Island-Dependent Early Immunological Response Triggers Later Precancerous Gastric Changes in Mongolian Gerbils
Infection with Helicobacter pylori, carrying a functional cag type IV secretion system (cag-T4SS) to inject the Cytotoxin associated antigen (CagA) into gastric cells, is associated with an increased risk for severe gastric diseases in humans. Here we studied the pathomechanism of H. pylori and the role of the cag-pathogenicity island (cag-PAI) for the induction of gastric ulcer and precancerous conditions over time (2–64 weeks) using the Mongolian gerbil model. Animals were challenged with H. pylori B128 (WT), or an isogenic B128ΔcagY mutant-strain that produces CagA, but is unable to translocate it into gastric cells. H. pylori colonization density was quantified in antrum and corpus mucosa separately. Paraffin sections were graded for inflammation and histological changes verified by immunohistochemistry. Physiological and inflammatory markers were quantitated by RIA and RT-PCR, respectively. An early cag-T4SS-dependent inflammation of the corpus mucosa (4–8 weeks) occurred only in WT-infected animals, resulting in a severe active and chronic gastritis with a significant increase of proinflammatory cytokines, mucous gland metaplasia, and atrophy of the parietal cells. At late time points only WT-infected animals developed hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia in parallel to gastric ulcers, gastritis cystica profunda, and focal dysplasia. The early cag-PAI-dependent immunological response triggers later physiological and histopathological alterations towards gastric malignancies
A Commensal Helicobacter sp. of the Rodent Intestinal Flora Activates TLR2 and NOD1 Responses in Epithelial Cells
Helicobacter spp. represent a proportionately small but significant component of the normal intestinal microflora of animal hosts. Several of these intestinal Helicobacter spp. are known to induce colitis in mouse models, yet the mechanisms by which these bacteria induce intestinal inflammation are poorly understood. To address this question, we performed in vitro co-culture experiments with mouse and human epithelial cell lines stimulated with a selection of Helicobacter spp., including known pathogenic species as well as ones for which the pathogenic potential is less clear. Strikingly, a member of the normal microflora of rodents, Helicobacter muridarum, was found to be a particularly strong inducer of CXC chemokine (Cxcl1/KC, Cxcl2/MIP-2) responses in a murine intestinal epithelial cell line. Time-course studies revealed a biphasic pattern of chemokine responses in these cells, with H. muridarum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediating early (24–48 h) responses and live bacteria seeming to provoke later (48–72 h) responses. H. muridarum LPS per se was shown to induce CXC chemokine production in HEK293 cells stably expressing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), but not in those expressing TLR4. In contrast, live H. muridarum bacteria were able to induce NF-κB reporter activity and CXC chemokine responses in TLR2–deficient HEK293 and in AGS epithelial cells. These responses were attenuated by transient transfection with a dominant negative construct to NOD1, and by stable expression of NOD1 siRNA, respectively. Thus, the data suggest that both TLR2 and NOD1 may be involved in innate immune sensing of H. muridarum by epithelial cells. This work identifies H. muridarum as a commensal bacterium with pathogenic potential and underscores the potential roles of ill-defined members of the normal flora in the initiation of inflammation in animal hosts. We suggest that H. muridarum may act as a confounding factor in colitis model studies in rodents