Cervical Pap smear study and its utility in cancer screening in patients attending out-patient department in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. By simple pap screening test cervical cancer and its precursor lesions can be detected and treated early. The aim of the study was to determine and analyze Pap smear reports from women presenting with various gynaecological indications in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Hapur over a period of 6 months. Patients with various complaints between ages 21 to 70 years were screened during August 2020 to January 2021 by taking Pap smear using Ayres spatula. Total 330 patients were studied.  Slides were reported according to the 2014 Bethesda system.Results: Maximum number of cases were in the age group 31-40 years constituting 32.72% of the total cases followed by age group 41-50 years. Vaginal discharge was the commonest chief complaint seen in 32.12% cases followed by menorrhagia. Maximum number of cases reported as non-specific inflammatory smears (64.54%). Among epithelial cell abnormalities incidence of LSIL was 2.42% followed by ASCUS (1.82%).Conclusions: Pap smear testing is an economical, non-invasive and simple OPD procedure to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous lesions of cervix. It should be established as a routine screening procedure to reduce the treatment burden, morbidity and mortality

Association of WDR36 polymorphisms with primary open-angle glaucoma

Background: Various genes contribute to the pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The WD repeat domain 36 (WDR36) gene may participate in T cell activation and, hence, in the pathogenesis of POAG. We investigated the association of two WDR36 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with POAG. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited patients aged >40 years with POAG and investigated the rs10038177 and rs1971050 SNPs of WDR36 using polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing. All participants underwent comprehensive ocular examination, visual field assessment using the Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm standard 24-2 threshold test, and measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results: We enrolled 105 patients with a mean (standard deviation) age of 55.41 (8.56) years and a male-to-female ratio of 56 (53.3%) to 49 (46.7%), most of whom had a diagnosis of POAG for 2 to 5 years (60.0%). Most participants had diabetes (90.5%) but not hypertension (88.6%). There was a significant association of rs10038177 (P<0.05), but not rs1971050 (P>0.05), with family history of glaucoma. The association between rs10038177 and intraocular pressure was significant (P<0.05), but that between rs1971050 and intraocular pressure was not (P>0.05). No significant association was observed between mean cup-to-disc ratio and either SNP (both P>0.05). For rs10038177, a significant association was found only with the RNFLT of the superior quadrant (P<0.05), whereas for rs1971050, a significant association was found with the RNFLT of all four quadrants and average RNFLT (all P<0.05). However, pairwise comparisons revealed no significant differences between genotypes (P>0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). The association of rs10038177 with glaucoma severity was insignificant (P>0.05), and most patients with the TC genotype (71.7%) had moderate severity. There was no significant association between rs1971050 and glaucoma severity (P>0.05). Conclusions: We observed genetic links between some, but not all, characteristics of POAG and the rs10038177 and rs1971050 SNPs of WDR36. Follow-up studies on these and other WDR36 SNPs in populations with different genetic backgrounds are necessary to confirm this genetic association

Role of prophylactic use of timolol maleate (0.5%) in preventing rise of intraocular pressure (iop) post Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd: Yag) capsulotomy

Purpose: To evaluate the role of prophylactic use of Timolol maleate (0.5%) eye drop in preventing rise of intraocular pressure (IOP) post Nd: YAG capsulotomy.Materials and Methods: A randomized, single-blinded, parallel group study conducted in 220 eyes, over a period of 18 months. Precapsulotomy baseline IOP, Slitlamp examination and grading of PCO was done. After instilling the test medication Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy performed. Post capsulotomy patients were assessed immediately, after 1 hour and 3 hours for IOP.Result: Precapsulotomy, mean IOP in Group I (use of placebo) was 15.30 ± 2.83 mm Hg as compared to 16.15 ± 2.48 mmHg in Group II (use of Timolol eyedrop), Group II mean IOP was significantly higher (P = 0.019). However, immediately after the procedure mean IOP in Group I was 14.55 ± 2.87 mmHg as compared to 13.16 ± 3.72 mmHg in Group II thus showing mean IOP in Group II to be significantly lower (P = 0.002). One hour and 3 hours after the procedure too, mean IOP in Group II was significantly lower as compared to that in Group I (P < 0.001). With increasing grade of PCO reduction in post-procedure IOP was lower and reduction in IOP was maximum in patients requiring <30 milliJoules of total energy.Conclusion: A judicious control over energy use and post laser IOP monitoring can influence the trend of IOP rise in a positive manner. Whenever anticipated that >60 mJ of laser energy is required as in higher grades and younger age, prophylactically Timolol maleate 0.5% eye drop should be instilled before Nd: YAG capsulotomy while all other patients in which Timolol is not used, should be kept under observation after laser capsulotomy.Keywords: Capsulotomy, grade of posterior capsular opacification, intra ocular pressure, Nd: YAG laser, Timolol maleat

Risk factors associated with development of senile cataract

Background: Cataract is the most common cause of reversible blindness worldwide, which has been associated with various causative risk factors. Hence, we aim to study the factors that might play a role in cataractogenesis. Material and methods: A total of 240 eyes of 240 subjects were included for the study, which consisted of 120 cases with age-related cataract and 120 age-matched controls, and in them various factors like blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), smoking, sun exposure, and serum cholesterol were studied. Results: A statistically significant difference between the two groups was found with respect to smoking profile (p = 0.007), sun exposure (p = 0.001), and serum cholesterol (p < 0.001). Subjects who were smokers, had a longer exposure to sun, and had higher serum cholesterol level were found to be positively associated with development of cataract. No significant association between BMI (p = 0.384) and blood pressure (p > 0.05) was observed. Conclusion: Higher cholesterol levels, increased sun exposure, and smoking habit play a role in the development of senile cataract, and these are modifiable risk factors. Hence, control of these might help in delaying formation and progression of cataract

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

र ंगा ें का स ंया ेजन ''डिजिटल आर्ट के सन्दर्भ में''

कला क े बदलते स्वरूप का एक अत्याधुनिक रूप डिजिटल आर्ट के रूप में वर्तमान समय में अपना प्रभुत्व स्थापित किये हुये है। इसमें कम्प्यूटर द्वारा निर्मित डिजिटल कार्य कलाकार द्वारा तूलिका से नहीं वरन् वह कम्प्यूटर में निहित विभिन्न ट ूल्स जैसे- इतनेी जववसए मतंेमत जववसए बनतअम जववसए इनतद जववसए उंहपब ूंदक जववसए ीमंसपदह जववसए बवसवत इंसंदबम वचजपवदए ीनमध्ेंजतंजपवद वचजपवदए बसवदम जववसए उंहंदजपब संेेव मजबण् की सहायता से करता है। आज डिजिटल पेण्टिंग के लिये अन ेक ेवजिूंतम उपलब्ध हैं- च्वेमत च्तव.2014ए थ्सपचइववा 6ण्86ए डनकइवग 2014ए ब्वतंस च्ंपदजमतए च्वेज ूवतोीवचए ।नजवकमेा ेामजबीइववा च्तवए ठसमदकमत 2ण्86ए म्ंेल चंपदज जववस ै।प्ए डंलंए 3के डंग 2014 मजबण् जोकि छोटे से डवअमउमदज से लेकर पूरा प्रक्रिया को सुचारु रूप से व्यवस्थित करते हैं। इस शैली को अन ेक कलाकारों ने नित-नवीन प्रयोगों द्वारा विकसित किया है। जिनमें टंतनद टनजनानतए ब्लतपस त्वसंदकवए ब्ींदकतंए ज्ञपतंद ज्ञनउंतए प्तंिद भ्नेेंपदए ज्ञलसम स्ंउइमतजए ।सपबम गर्् ंदहए छपउपदहूंलए छंतमदकतं क्पगपज आदि कलाकार डिजिटल कला जगत के क्षेत्र में प्रसिद्धि प्राप्त कर रहें हैं

OCT based macular thickness in a normal Indian pediatric population

Purpose: Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, vitreous humor, and optic nerve head with an axial resolution of 5 μm and a reproducibility of 1.6 μm. An integrated normative database is available only for adult subjects ≥18 years of age; the normal reference ranges of the macular thicknesses of pediatric subjects are not available. The purpose of this study was to determine the normal reference range of macular thickness of pediatric. Methods: A total of 340 eyes of 170 children 5-17 years of age were recruited for this study. Participants received a full ophthalmic examination including a vision assessment, cycloplegic refraction, fundus examination, intraocular pressure measurement, assessment of ocular motility, and alignment. Macular thickness measurements were obtained through dilated pupils using Cirrus HD-OCT. Results: The mean macular thickness was 114.88 ± 14.74 in the right eye and 113.99 ± 15.62 in the left eye (P = 0.589). On further evaluation, macular thickness was highest in the inner macula, followed by the outer macula and central fovea (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The normative data of macular thickness in pediatric subjects 5-17 years of age will help diagnose macular disorders